import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np import pandas as pd from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression from sklearn.preprocessing import FunctionTransformer from helper import LIFE_EXPECTANCY_KEY, GDP_PC_KEY, GDP_KEY, COUNTRY_KEY, YEAR_KEY

# Read CSV files into DataFrames # source: https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth gdp_capita_data = pd.read_csv('datasets/gdp-2016.csv') # source: https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy life_expectancy_data = pd.read_csv('datasets/life-expectancy.csv') # Filter and pick a subset of the data # Take only the year 2016 gdp_capita_data_2016 = gdp_capita_data[gdp_capita_data[YEAR_KEY] == 2016] life_expectancy_data_2016 = life_expectancy_data[life_expectancy_data[YEAR_KEY] == 2016] # Merge the two datasets by combining the columns merged = pd \ .merge(gdp_capita_data_2016, life_expectancy_data_2016, how='inner', on=COUNTRY_KEY) \ .dropna() \ .sort_values(GDP_PC_KEY); # Define X & Y data for the plot y = merged[LIFE_EXPECTANCY_KEY] x = merged[GDP_PC_KEY] # Draw the scatter plot with corresponding labels and title scatter_plot = merged \ .plot \ .scatter(x = GDP_PC_KEY, y = LIFE_EXPECTANCY_KEY, c = "c") \ .update(dict(title="Life expectancy vs GDP per capita"));

transformer = FunctionTransformer(np.log, validate=True) x_transformed = transformer.fit_transform(np.array(x).reshape(-1,1)) model = LinearRegression().fit( x_transformed, y) yfit = model.predict(x_transformed) # Visualising the fitted curve plt.title('Fitting data to logarithmic curve') plt.xlabel(GDP_PC_KEY) plt.ylabel(LIFE_EXPECTANCY_KEY) plt.scatter(x, y, c = "c") plt.plot(x, yfit, "k--") plt.show()

# Finding the mean of life expectancy mean_life = merged.mean()[LIFE_EXPECTANCY_KEY] # Finding the standard deviation of life expectancy std_life = merged.std()[LIFE_EXPECTANCY_KEY] # Finding the countries with a life expectancy higher than one std above the mean country_life_over_std = merged[merged[LIFE_EXPECTANCY_KEY] > mean_life + std_life] \ [[COUNTRY_KEY, LIFE_EXPECTANCY_KEY]] \ .sort_values(LIFE_EXPECTANCY_KEY, ascending = False) country_life_over_std

# Load dataset with GDP # source: https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth gdp_data = pd.read_csv('datasets/gross-domestic-product.csv') # Filter and pick a subset of the GDP data # Take only the year 2016 gdp_data_2016 = gdp_data[gdp_data[YEAR_KEY] == 2016] # Merge to a single table gdp_le = pd \ .merge(gdp_data_2016, life_expectancy_data_2016, how='inner',on=COUNTRY_KEY) \ .merge(gdp_capita_data_2016, how='inner', on=COUNTRY_KEY) \ .dropna() # Remove 'World' from the table, as it's not a country # and sort the entries in descending order with the GDP world_index = gdp_le[(gdp_le[COUNTRY_KEY] == 'World')].index gdp_le = gdp_le \ .drop(world_index) \ .sort_values(GDP_KEY, ascending = False)

fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(14,6)) # Visualizing the GDP data's distribution with a histogram axs[0].hist(gdp_le[[GDP_KEY]], bins=100) axs[0].set_xlabel(GDP_KEY) axs[0].set_ylabel("Frequency") axs[0].set_title("Histogram of GDP year 2016") # Visualizing the GDP data with boxplot axs[1].boxplot(gdp_le[GDP_KEY]) axs[1].set_ylabel(GDP_KEY) axs[1].set_title("Boxplot of GDP year 2016") plt.tight_layout()

mean_gdp = gdp_le.mean()[GDP_KEY] std_gdp = gdp_le.std()[GDP_KEY] # Finding countries with low GDP gdp_le[gdp_le[GDP_KEY] < mean_gdp - std_gdp] \ [[COUNTRY_KEY, LIFE_EXPECTANCY_KEY, GDP_KEY]]

# Combine GDP data with those countries that have high life expectancy high_le_gdp = pd \ .merge(country_life_over_std, gdp_data_2016, how="inner", on=COUNTRY_KEY) \ [[COUNTRY_KEY, LIFE_EXPECTANCY_KEY, GDP_KEY]] # Take the mean and std of the gdp from the subset defined above mean_gdp_highle = high_le_gdp.mean()[GDP_KEY] std_gdp_highle = high_le_gdp.std()[GDP_KEY] # Find the countries with high LE and low GDP using our definitions from above low_gdp_high_le = high_le_gdp[high_le_gdp[GDP_KEY] < mean_gdp_highle - std_gdp_highle] low_gdp_high_le

gdp_lower_quartile = np.percentile(gdp_data_2016[GDP_KEY], 25) low_gdp_high_le = high_le_gdp[high_le_gdp[GDP_KEY] < gdp_lower_quartile] low_gdp_high_le

from helper import _gdp_le_scatter_plot

# Separating the data into subpopulations, those that fall # outside of our high life expectancy definition, and those within mask = gdp_le[LIFE_EXPECTANCY_KEY] > mean_life + std_life x, x_high_LE = (gdp_le[~mask][GDP_KEY], gdp_le[mask][GDP_KEY]) y, y_high_LE = (gdp_le[~mask][LIFE_EXPECTANCY_KEY], gdp_le[mask][LIFE_EXPECTANCY_KEY]) # Define arguments for helper function args = [x, y, x_high_LE, y_high_LE, gdp_lower_quartile, "Lower quartile of GDP"] # Plot plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize = (12, 5)) plt.subplot(1, 2, 1) _gdp_le_scatter_plot(*args) plt.title("Life expectancy vs GDP") # Zoom in the graph by resetting the axes' limits plt.subplot(1, 2, 2) _gdp_le_scatter_plot(*args) plt.title("Zoomed In") plt.gca().set_xlim([0, gdp_lower_quartile + 1e+10]) plt.gca().set_ylim([mean_life + std_life - 5, mean_life + std_life + 6]) plt.tight_layout() plt.show()

gdp_lower_quartile = np.percentile(high_le_gdp[GDP_KEY], 25) low_gdp_high_le = high_le_gdp[high_le_gdp[GDP_KEY] < gdp_lower_quartile] low_gdp_high_le

# calculate the upper quartile gdp_upper_quartile = np.percentile(gdp_data_2016[GDP_KEY], 75) # calculate the gdp one standard deviation above the mean gdp_std_above_mean = gdp_data_2016[GDP_KEY].mean() + gdp_data_2016[GDP_KEY].std() plt.figure(figsize=(10,6)) # Redefine our arguments for the plot args[4], args[5] = (gdp_upper_quartile, "Upper quartile of GDP") _gdp_le_scatter_plot(*args, second_limit = gdp_std_above_mean, second_label = "One σ above µ of GDP") plt.title("Life Expectancy vs GDP") plt.show()

# Getting the countries with a high GDP mask = gdp_le[GDP_KEY] > gdp_upper_quartile high_gdp = gdp_le[mask] # Filter them to see which have a life expectancy below our definition of a high life expectancy mask = high_gdp[LIFE_EXPECTANCY_KEY] <= mean_life + std_life high_gdp_low_le = high_gdp[mask][[COUNTRY_KEY, GDP_KEY, LIFE_EXPECTANCY_KEY]] # List the three strongest economies that don't have high life expectancy high_gdp_low_le.sort_values(GDP_KEY, ascending = False).head(3)

gdp_pc_std_above_mean = gdp_capita_data_2016[GDP_PC_KEY].mean() + gdp_capita_data_2016[GDP_PC_KEY].std() gdp_pc_upper_quartile = np.percentile(gdp_capita_data_2016[GDP_PC_KEY], 75)

# Divide the data from 1a) into a set of those # with high life expectancy, and those outside the spectrum mask = merged[LIFE_EXPECTANCY_KEY] > mean_life + std_life x, x_high_LE = (merged[~mask][GDP_PC_KEY], merged[mask][GDP_PC_KEY]) y, y_high_LE = (merged[~mask][LIFE_EXPECTANCY_KEY], merged[mask][LIFE_EXPECTANCY_KEY]) # Define the arguments for the scatter plot args = [x, y, x_high_LE, y_high_LE, gdp_pc_upper_quartile, "Upper quartile of GDP per capita", GDP_PC_KEY] # Plot the figure plt.figure(figsize=(9, 6)) _gdp_le_scatter_plot(*args, second_limit = gdp_pc_std_above_mean, second_label = "One σ above µ of GDP per capita" ) plt.title("Life expectancy vs GDP per capita") plt.show()

from helper import KEY_USA, LIFE_SATISFACTION_KEY, SUICIDE_KEY, BEER_KEY, WINE_KEY, SPIRITS_KEY, ALCOHOL_KEY

# load the datasets # source: https://ourworldindata.org/happiness-and-life-satisfaction happiness_data = pd.read_csv('datasets-2/happiness.csv') # source: https://ourworldindata.org/suicide#suicide-is-a-leading-cause-of-death-especially-in-young-people suicide_data = pd.read_csv('datasets-2/suicide-death-rates.csv') # source: https://ourworldindata.org/alcohol-consumption alcohol_data = pd.read_csv('datasets-2/alcohol-consumption-per-person-us.csv') # Add different types of alcohol consumption into a single column alcohol_data[ALCOHOL_KEY] = alcohol_data[BEER_KEY] + alcohol_data[WINE_KEY] + alcohol_data[SPIRITS_KEY] # Filter to only select USA and from year 2005 happiness_data_usa = happiness_data[happiness_data[COUNTRY_KEY] == KEY_USA] suicide_data_usa = suicide_data[(suicide_data[COUNTRY_KEY] == KEY_USA) & (suicide_data[YEAR_KEY] > 2005)] alcohol_data = alcohol_data[alcohol_data[YEAR_KEY] > 2005] # plot line plots # life satisfaction plt.plot(happiness_data_usa[YEAR_KEY], happiness_data_usa[LIFE_SATISFACTION_KEY], c="g") plt.title("Life satisfiscation in USA over time (1-10)") plt.xlabel(YEAR_KEY) plt.ylabel(LIFE_SATISFACTION_KEY) plt.show() fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(14,4)) # alcohol axs[0].plot(alcohol_data[YEAR_KEY], alcohol_data[ALCOHOL_KEY], c="c") axs[0].set_title("Total alcohol consumption per person per year in USA") axs[0].set_xlabel(YEAR_KEY) axs[0].set_ylabel(ALCOHOL_KEY) # suicide axs[1].plot(suicide_data_usa[YEAR_KEY], suicide_data_usa[SUICIDE_KEY], c="r") axs[1].set_title("Suicides per 100K people, USA over time") axs[1].set_xlabel(YEAR_KEY) axs[1].set_ylabel("Suicide rate") _ = plt.tight_layout

# Merge life satisfaction data with suicide rate data merged = pd \ .merge(happiness_data_usa, suicide_data_usa, how='inner', on=[COUNTRY_KEY, YEAR_KEY]) \ .dropna() # Plot line charts for both datasets fig, axs = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 4)) axs.set_title("Life Satisfaction and Suicide Rate") axs.set_xlabel(YEAR_KEY) axs.set_ylabel(LIFE_SATISFACTION_KEY) l1, = axs.plot(merged[YEAR_KEY], merged[LIFE_SATISFACTION_KEY], c="g", label="Life satisfaction (1-10)") # Reuse x-axis axs = axs.twinx() axs.set_ylabel(SUICIDE_KEY) l2, = axs.plot(merged[YEAR_KEY], merged[SUICIDE_KEY], c="r", label="Suicide rate") fig.tight_layout() plt.legend([l1, l2],["Life satisfaction (1-10)", "Suicide rate"], loc="center right") plt.show()

# Merge alcohol consumption data with suicide rate data merged = pd \ .merge(alcohol_data, suicide_data_usa, how='inner', on=[YEAR_KEY]) \ .dropna() # Plot line charts for both datasets fig, axs = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 4)) axs.set_title("Alcohol consumption and Suicide Rate") axs.set_xlabel(YEAR_KEY) axs.set_ylabel(ALCOHOL_KEY) l1, = axs.plot(merged[YEAR_KEY], merged[ALCOHOL_KEY], c="c", label="Alcohol consumption (litres / person)") # Reuse x-axis axs = axs.twinx() axs.set_ylabel(SUICIDE_KEY) l2, = axs.plot(merged[YEAR_KEY], merged[SUICIDE_KEY], c="r", label="Suicide rate") fig.tight_layout() plt.legend([l1, l2],["Alcohol consumption (litres / person)", "Suicide rate"], loc="center right") plt.show()

# Merge alcohol consumption data with happiness data merged = pd \ .merge(alcohol_data, happiness_data_usa, how='inner', on=[YEAR_KEY]) \ .dropna() # Plot line charts for both datasets fig, axs = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 4)) axs.set_title("Alcohol consumption and Life Satisfaction") axs.set_xlabel(YEAR_KEY) axs.set_ylabel(ALCOHOL_KEY) l1, = axs.plot(merged[YEAR_KEY], merged[ALCOHOL_KEY], c="c", label="Alcohol consumption (litres / person)") # Reuse x-axis axs = axs.twinx() axs.set_ylabel(LIFE_SATISFACTION_KEY) l2, = axs.plot(merged[YEAR_KEY], merged[LIFE_SATISFACTION_KEY], c="g", label="Life satisfaction (1-10)") fig.tight_layout() plt.legend([l1, l2],["Alcohol consumption (litres / person)", "Life Satisfaction"], loc="center right") plt.show()