Financial Inclusion in the Age of COVID-19
Introduction
A basic measure of financial inclusion is the share of adults in a country who have an account at a formal financial institution or through a mobile money provider. But account ownership is only the beginning. Financial inclusion is at its best when adults use accounts to save, make payments, obtain manageable credit, and mitigate economic risks. Increasingly, digital finance has been creating opportunities to expand access by reducing costs, increasing convenience, and allowing consumers to transact remotely using mobile devices—which has been extremely important during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The COVID-19 pandemic further mobilized financial inclusion efforts worldwide through several mechanisms, including the emergency relief payments that governments sent to bank accounts and debit cards. A recent study found that more people conduct transactions via the internet, mobile banking accounts, and ATMs (automated teller machines) during epidemics. Although the longer-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on financial inclusion efforts remain to be seen, initial research findings suggest an acceleration in the adoption of mobile money and digital payments.
Data and descriptive statistics
Setup
Import data
0
Afghanistan
AFG
1
Afghanistan
AFG
2
Afghanistan
AFG
3
Afghanistan
AFG
4
Albania
ALB
5
Albania
ALB
6
Albania
ALB
7
Albania
ALB
8
Algeria
DZA
9
Algeria
DZA
Convert data types
Subset data for analysis
Select relevant variables
0
Afghanistan
AFG
1
Afghanistan
AFG
2
Afghanistan
AFG
3
Afghanistan
AFG
4
Albania
ALB
5
Albania
ALB
6
Albania
ALB
7
Albania
ALB
8
Algeria
DZA
9
Algeria
DZA
Definitions
0
account_t_d
Account (% age 15+)
1
fin1_1b
First financial institution ever account was opened to receive money from the government (% age 15+)
2
fin1_t_d
Financial institution account (% age 15+)
3
fin31b_t
Made a utility payment: using a mobile phone (% age 15+)
4
fin31b1
Made a utility payment: using an account for the first time after COVID-19 started (% age 15+)
5
fin34b_t
Received wages: through a mobile phone (% age 15+)
6
fin37_38_39b_t
Received government transfer or pension: through a mobile phone (% age 15+)
7
g20_t_d
Made or received a digital payment (% age 15+)
8
merchant_1st
Made a digital merchant payment for the first time after COVID-19 started (% age 15+)
9
mobileaccount_t_d
Mobile money account (% age 15+)
Select the 25 countries
14
Argentina
ARG
15
Argentina
ARG
16
Argentina
ARG
17
Argentina
ARG
18
Armenia
ARM
19
Armenia
ARM
20
Armenia
ARM
21
Armenia
ARM
53
Bolivia
BOL
54
Bolivia
BOL
List of countries for analysis
Select year 2017 and 2021
16
Argentina
ARG
17
Argentina
ARG
20
Armenia
ARM
21
Armenia
ARM
55
Bolivia
BOL
56
Bolivia
BOL
66
Brazil
BRA
67
Brazil
BRA
105
Colombia
COL
106
Colombia
COL
Describe data
count
50
50
mean
71741174.5
2019
std
194929997.9
2.02
min
1024655
2017
25%
4935239
2017
50%
10171946.5
2019
75%
41617217
2021
max
1018986816
2021
Exploratory data analysis
Account ownership (2017 vs 2021)
East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Upper middle income countries
Lower middle income countries
Account ownership and Digital Payment
Account ownership and mobile money
Regression analysis
Digital payment
Inspired by the report The impact of COVID-19 on digital financial inclusion by GPFI and author's personal experience, the regression model examines how digital financial inclusion has helped countries address the effects of COVID-19, including through digitized merchant payments, G2P (government to person) payments and utility payments.
Digital merchant payment
The percentage of respondents who report that the first time they used a debit or credit card, or a mobile phone, to make a purchase in-store or to pay online for an internet purchase happened after COVID-19 started.
Utility payment by an account
The percentage of respondents who report personally making regular payments for water, electricity, or trash collection and did so using a financial institution account, a mobile phone, or a debit or credit card for the first time after COVID-19 started.
First account opened for gov. transfer
The percentage of respondents who report opening a financial institution account for the first time to receive money from the government.
Digital payment & variables
Mobile money
Mobile money has become an important enabler of financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa - especially for women - as a driver of account ownership and of account usage through mobile payments, saving, and borrowing.
At the same time, Global Findex Database 2021 also reported that people who received wages and goverment transfer through banks and mobile money accounts have higher propability to spend and save money efficiently. The regression belows examines selected factors in inflow and outflow of funds through using a mobile phone.
Received wages
The percentage of respondents who report receiving any money from an employer in the past year in the form of a salary or wages for doing work, and who received it through a mobile phone.
Received government transfer
The percentage of respondents who report personally receiving any government transfer or pension from the government in the past year through a mobile phone.
Made a utility payment
The percentage of respondents who report personally making regular payments for water, electricity, or trash collection in the past year using a mobile phone.