Problem
What is Ray?
The Basics
import ray
ray.init(num_cpus=4)
/root/venv/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ray/autoscaler/_private/cli_logger.py:61: FutureWarning: Not all Ray CLI dependencies were found. In Ray 1.4+, the Ray CLI, autoscaler, and dashboard will only be usable via `pip install 'ray[default]'`. Please update your install command.
"update your install command.", FutureWarning)
2021-06-01 03:18:52,273 INFO services.py:1269 -- View the Ray dashboard at http://127.0.0.1:8265
Ray Tasks
# https://docs.ray.io/en/master/ray-overview/index.html
@ray.remote
def square(x):
return x * x
futures = [square.remote(i) for i in range(4)]
print(futures)
print(ray.get(futures))
[ObjectRef(a67dc375e60ddd1affffffffffffffffffffffff0100000001000000), ObjectRef(63964fa4841d4a2effffffffffffffffffffffff0100000001000000), ObjectRef(69a6825d641b4613ffffffffffffffffffffffff0100000001000000), ObjectRef(ee4e90da584ab0ebffffffffffffffffffffffff0100000001000000)]
[0, 1, 4, 9]
import time
def expensive_function():
time.sleep(3)
return
start = time.time()
long_call = [expensive_function() for i in range(3)]
end = time.time()
print(f"long_call took {end-start} seconds to complete")
long_call took 9.00688099861145 seconds to complete
@ray.remote
def expensive_function():
time.sleep(3)
return
start = time.time()
futures = [expensive_function.remote() for i in range(3)]
end = time.time()
print(f"long_call took {end-start} seconds to complete")
long_call took 0.0013568401336669922 seconds to complete
start = time.time()
futures = [expensive_function.remote() for i in range(3)]
ray.get(futures)
end = time.time()
print(f"long_call took {end-start} seconds to complete")
long_call took 6.01303243637085 seconds to complete
@ray.remote
def extend_fib(array):
time.sleep(1)
array.append(array[-1]+array[-2])
return array
def fibbu(n):
fib = [1,1]
for _ in range(2, n):
print(fib)
fib = ray.get(extend_fib.remote(fib))
return fib[-1]
start = time.time()
fibbu(7)
end = time.time()
print(f"long_call took {end-start} seconds to complete")
[1, 1]
[1, 1, 2]
[1, 1, 2, 3]
[1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8]
long_call took 5.015936613082886 seconds to complete
Sequential Code
import random
iterations = 1000000
def check_point():
rand_x= random.uniform(-1, 1)
rand_y= random.uniform(-1, 1)
pyth= rand_x**2 + rand_y**2
if pyth<= 1:
return 1
return 0
def compute_pi(iterations):
circle_points = [check_point() for i in range(iterations)]
return 4*sum(circle_points)/iterations
start = time.time()
pi = compute_pi(iterations)
end = time.time()
print(f"sequential took {end-start} seconds to complete")
print("Final Estimation of Pi=", pi)
sequential took 0.7443866729736328 seconds to complete
Final Estimation of Pi= 3.141536
Parallelized with Ray
import random
iterations = 1000000
workers = 4
@ray.remote
def check_point():
guesses = []
for i in range(iterations//workers):
rand_x= random.uniform(-1, 1)
rand_y= random.uniform(-1, 1)
pyth= rand_x**2 + rand_y**2
if pyth<= 1:
guesses.append(1)
else:
guesses.append(0)
pi = sum(guesses)/len(guesses)*4
print(pi)
return pi
def compute_pi(iterations):
circle_points = [check_point.remote() for i in range(4)]
return sum((ray.get(circle_points)))/len(ray.get(circle_points))
start = time.time()
pi = compute_pi(iterations)
end = time.time()
print(f"Ray took {end-start} seconds to complete")
print("Final Estimation of Pi=", pi)
Ray took 0.18492627143859863 seconds to complete
Final Estimation of Pi= 3.139648
Ray Actors
@ray.remote
class Counter(object):
def __init__(self):
self.n = 0
def increment(self):
self.n += 1
def read(self):
return self.n
counters = [Counter.remote() for i in range(4)]
[c.increment.remote() for c in counters]
futures = [c.read.remote() for c in counters]
print(ray.get(futures))
[1, 1, 1, 1]
Real World Example
from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
from selenium.webdriver import Chrome
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
import pandas as pd
import datefinder
chrome_options = Options()
chrome_options.add_argument('--headless')
chrome_options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-dev-shm-usage')
chromedrive = Chrome(options=chrome_options) # This parameter would be the path to your chromedriver if you are running this locally
chromedrive.implicitly_wait(3)
(pid=3037) 3.140496
(pid=3036) 3.136768
(pid=3035) 3.141776
(pid=3038) 3.139552
@ray.remote
def scrape_wiki(url):
driver = Chrome(options=chrome_options) # This parameter would be the path to your chromedriver if you are running this locally
driver.implicitly_wait(3)
driver.get(url)
try:
title = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//h1[@id='firstHeading']").text
description = driver.find_element_by_xpath('//div[@id = "mw-content-text"]').text
num_links = len(driver.find_elements_by_xpath('//a[@href]'))
num_images = len(driver.find_elements_by_xpath('//img'))
last_edited_text = driver.find_element_by_xpath('//li[@id="footer-info-lastmod"]').text
last_edited = list(datefinder.find_dates(last_edited_text))[0] #we will use the first element
data = {"title":title,"description":description,"num_links":num_links,"num_images":num_images,"last_edited":last_edited}
return data
except NoSuchElementException or IndexError:
return {"title":"","description":"","num_links":"","num_images":"","last_edited":""}
chromedrive.get('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Awards')
wiki_links = [link.get_attribute('href') for link in chromedrive.find_elements_by_xpath('//a[@href]') if "en.wikipedia.org/wiki" in link.get_attribute('href') and "Raspberry" not in link.get_attribute('href')]
d = [scrape_wiki.remote(link) for link in wiki_links[:15]]
print(wiki_links)
d = ray.get(d)
print(d)
df = pd.DataFrame(d)
['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._B._Wilson', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowing_a_raspberry', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_8mm_film', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_film', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Wilson_at_29th_Razzie_Awards.jpg', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Wilson_at_29th_Razzie_Awards.jpg', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._B._Wilson', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicist', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._B._Wilson', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potluck', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd_Academy_Awards', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Stop_the_Music', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanadu_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Daily_News', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Worst_Supporting_Actress_at_29th_Razzie_Awards.jpg', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Worst_Supporting_Actress_at_29th_Razzie_Awards.jpg', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Green', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_Berry', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Bullock', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brancato_and_Michael_Ferris', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._David_Shapiro', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Verhoeven', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Menken', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifty_Shades_of_Grey_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Brunetti', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_De_Luca', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Menken', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Helgeland', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Bullock', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Postman_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._Confidential_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Coco', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_When_I_Laugh_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Irving', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yentl_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Close', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosmith', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Don%27t_Want_to_Miss_a_Thing', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armageddon_(1998_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisha_Yearwood', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Do_I_Live', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Air', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Bennett', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_Life!_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gena_Rowlands', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cassavetes', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_(1980_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_(1980_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_(1987_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Douglas', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Hannah', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Ranger_(2013_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Makeup_and_Hairstyling', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Visual_Effects', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashdance', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razzie_Award_for_Worst_Screenplay', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Cara', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashdance..._What_a_Feeling', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bodyguard_(1992_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum_certification', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bodyguard_(soundtrack)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joker_(2019_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92nd_Academy_Awards', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambo:_Last_Blood', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joker_(2019_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather_Part_III', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borat_Subsequent_Moviefilm', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/93rd_Academy_Awards', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Bakalova', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Award', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar_Jar_Binks', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_Episode_I:_The_Phantom_Menace', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Best', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Chicken:_Star_Wars_Episode_II', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Diamond', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail_(1988_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Boys', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokomo_(song)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_for_Best_Original_Song', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hooper', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats_(2019_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_for_Best_Original_Song', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Ghosts', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sia_(musician)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_(2021_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Hudson', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Another_Day_(song)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Dance_Recording', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Smith', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Wild_West_(Will_Smith_song)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rap_Solo_Performance', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overprotected', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Female_Pop_Vocal_Performance', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold_Me,_Thrill_Me,_Kiss_Me,_Kill_Me', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group_with_Vocal', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_Is_the_Beginning_Is_the_End', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Hard_Rock_Performance', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeAnn_Rimes', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Do_I_Live', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Female_Country_Vocal_Performance', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Director', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Saturn_Awards', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shining_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Portman', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Actress', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_II_%E2%80%93_Attack_of_the_Clones', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassandra_Peterson', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Actress', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Saturn_Awards', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvira:_Mistress_of_the_Dark_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Burton', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(2001_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Baker', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Makeup', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Bonham_Carter', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Roth', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen_Atwood', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Postman_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cimino', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_the_Dragon_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Film', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahiers_du_Cin%C3%A9ma', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Aronofsky', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother!', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worst_Director_Razzie', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Lion', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/74th_Venice_International_Film_Festival', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmes_%26_Watson', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etan_Cohen', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALFS_Awards', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coogan', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Jupe', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Depp', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Blunt', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALFS_Award', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Gnomes', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Quiet_Place_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Poppins_Returns', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Night_Shyamalan', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Earth', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_43', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Newton_Howard', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Soundtrack_Award', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Razzie_Redeemer_Award', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twister_(1996_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crichton', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Marie_Martin', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1996_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tab_Murphy', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Mecchi', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Tzudiker', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noni_White', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(1996_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Devlin', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Emmerich', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Koepp', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Towne', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Time_to_Kill_(1996_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiva_Goldsman', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Air', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_World:_Jurassic_Park', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence_(1997_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano_(1997_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THX', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armageddon_(1998_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_(1998_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackass:_The_Movie', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Crazy_Nights', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossroads_(2002_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooby-Doo_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXX_(2002_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cat_in_the_Hat_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Fast_2_Furious', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels:_Full_Throttle', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Justin_to_Kelly', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Cancun', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suri_Cruise', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Holmes', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise#Criticism_of_psychiatry', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Hilton', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Federline', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashlee_Simpson', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Simpson', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Lachey', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_the_Halls_(2006_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield:_A_Tail_of_Two_Kitties', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Santa_Clause_3:_The_Escape_Clause', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shaggy_Dog_(2006_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Know_Who_Killed_Me', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliens_vs._Predator:_Requiem', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captivity_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Rising_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostel:_Part_II', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Airbender_(2010_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats_%26_Dogs:_The_Revenge_of_Kitty_Galore', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_of_the_Titans_(2010_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutcracker_in_3D', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw_3D', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baywatch_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emoji_Movie', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifty_Shades_Darker_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mummy_(2017_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers:_The_Last_Knight', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambo:_Last_Blood', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragged_Across_Concrete', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunting_of_Sharon_Tate', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellboy_(2019_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joker_(2019_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Atkins', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_O%27Neal', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(artist)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Travolta', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Derek', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faye_Dunaway', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Shields', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia_Zadora', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mommie_Dearest_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolero_(1984_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_the_Duck_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lonely_Lady', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_V:_The_Final_Frontier', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razzie_Award_for_Worst_New_Star', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia_Zadora', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Atkins', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(artist)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Scarwid', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Costner', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(artist)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shatner', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauly_Shore', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Berkley', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Derek', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Shields', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia_Zadora', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showgirls', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Alan_Smithee_Film:_Burn_Hollywood_Burn', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Hawk', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Postman_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striptease_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razzie_Award_for_Worst_New_Star', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauly_Shore', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Berkley', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Best', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Coppola', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Rodman', 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'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_World_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanadu_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Murphy', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Affleck', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Myers_(actor)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Schneider', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Travolta', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Hilton', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Lohan', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefield_Earth_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_Got_Fingered', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigli', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Know_Who_Killed_Me', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swept_Away_(2002_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Razzie_Redeemer_Award', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Affleck', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone', 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'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Film', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinkers_Bad_Movie_Awards', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Turkey_Awards', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Kela_Awards', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_considered_the_worst', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Orange_County_Register', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Florida_Sun-Sentinel', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Press-Telegram', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheWrap', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._B._Wilson', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Razzie_Movie_Guide', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Razzie_Redeemer_Award', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_film_awards', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lists_of_worsts', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Awards_established_in_1981', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ironic_and_humorous_awards', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Award_ceremonies', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_April_2019', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2014', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2021', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MyTalk', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MyContributions', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us']
(raylet) /root/venv/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ray/autoscaler/_private/cli_logger.py:61: FutureWarning: Not all Ray CLI dependencies were found. In Ray 1.4+, the Ray CLI, autoscaler, and dashboard will only be usable via `pip install 'ray[default]'`. Please update your install command.
(raylet) "update your install command.", FutureWarning)
(raylet) /root/venv/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ray/autoscaler/_private/cli_logger.py:61: FutureWarning: Not all Ray CLI dependencies were found. In Ray 1.4+, the Ray CLI, autoscaler, and dashboard will only be usable via `pip install 'ray[default]'`. Please update your install command.
(raylet) "update your install command.", FutureWarning)
(raylet) /root/venv/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ray/autoscaler/_private/cli_logger.py:61: FutureWarning: Not all Ray CLI dependencies were found. In Ray 1.4+, the Ray CLI, autoscaler, and dashboard will only be usable via `pip install 'ray[default]'`. Please update your install command.
(raylet) "update your install command.", FutureWarning)
(raylet) /root/venv/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ray/autoscaler/_private/cli_logger.py:61: FutureWarning: Not all Ray CLI dependencies were found. In Ray 1.4+, the Ray CLI, autoscaler, and dashboard will only be usable via `pip install 'ray[default]'`. Please update your install command.
(raylet) "update your install command.", FutureWarning)
(pid=3248) /root/venv/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tzlocal/unix.py:158: UserWarning: Can not find any timezone configuration, defaulting to UTC.
(pid=3248) warnings.warn('Can not find any timezone configuration, defaulting to UTC.')
(pid=3304) /root/venv/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tzlocal/unix.py:158: UserWarning: Can not find any timezone configuration, defaulting to UTC.
(pid=3304) warnings.warn('Can not find any timezone configuration, defaulting to UTC.')
(pid=3276) /root/venv/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tzlocal/unix.py:158: UserWarning: Can not find any timezone configuration, defaulting to UTC.
(pid=3276) warnings.warn('Can not find any timezone configuration, defaulting to UTC.')
(pid=3226) /root/venv/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tzlocal/unix.py:158: UserWarning: Can not find any timezone configuration, defaulting to UTC.
(pid=3226) warnings.warn('Can not find any timezone configuration, defaulting to UTC.')
[{'title': 'University of California, Los Angeles', 'description': '"UCLA" redirects here. For other uses, see UCLA (disambiguation).\nUniversity of California, Los Angeles\nFormer names Southern Branch of the University of California\n(1919–1927)\nUniversity of California at Los Angeles\n(1927–1958)[1]\nMotto Fiat lux (Latin)\nMotto in English Let there be light\nType Public land-grant research university\nEstablished May 23, 1919; 102 years ago[2]\nParent institution University of California\nAcademic affiliations AAU\nPacific Rim\nURA\nSpace-grant\nEndowment $5.39 billion (2019) [3]\nBudget $7.5 billion (2019)[4]\nChancellor Gene D. Block[5]\nProvost Emily A. Carter[6]\nAcademic staff 4,016[7]\nAdministrative staff 26,139\nStudents 45,742 (Fall 2019)[8]\nUndergraduates 31,543 (Fall 2019)[8]\nPostgraduates 12,828 (Fall 2019)[8]\nOther students 1,371 (Fall 2019)[8]\nLocation Westwood, Los Angeles, California, United States\n34°04′10″N 118°26′43″W\nCoordinates: 34°04′10″N 118°26′43″W\nCampus Urban\n467 acres (189 ha)[9]\nColors UCLA Blue, UCLA Gold[10]\n Athletics NCAA Division I FBS\nNickname Bruins\nSporting affiliations\nPac-12\nMPSF\nMascot Joe Bruin\nJosephine Bruin[11]\nWebsite ucla.edu\nThe University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)[1] is a public land-grant research university in Los Angeles, California. UCLA traces its early origins back to 1882 as the southern branch of the California State Normal School (now San Jose State University). It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919, making it the second-oldest (after UC Berkeley) of the 10-campus University of California system. UCLA receives the most college applications of any university in the United States and is considered one of the most prestigious universities in the world.[12][13][14][15]\nUCLA offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines,[16] enrolling about 31,500 undergraduate and 12,800 graduate students.[8] UCLA had 168,000 applicants for Fall 2021, including transfer applicants, making the school the most applied-to of any American university.[17]\nThe university is organized into six undergraduate colleges, seven professional schools, and four professional health science schools. The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science; Samueli School of Engineering; School of the Arts and Architecture; Herb Alpert School of Music; School of Theater, Film and Television; and School of Nursing.\nUCLA is considered one of the country\'s Public Ivies. It is ranked among the best universities in the world by major college and university rankings.[13][14][15] As of October 2020, 25 Nobel laureates, three Fields Medalists, and five Turing Award winners, and two Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with UCLA as faculty, researchers, or alumni.[18][19][20][21] Among the current faculty members, 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences, 32 to the National Academy of Engineering, 41 to the National Academy of Medicine, and 150 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974.[22]\nUCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference. The Bruins have won 129 national championships, including 119 NCAA team championships, more than any other university except Stanford University, whose athletes have won 126.[23][24][25] UCLA students, coaches, and staff have won 251 Olympic medals: 126 gold, 65 silver, and 60 bronze.[26] UCLA student-athletes have competed in every Olympics since 1920 with one exception (1924) and have won a gold medal in every Olympics the U.S. participated in since 1932.[27]\nContents\n1 History\n1.1 Maturity as a university\n1.2 Recent history\n1.3 Sexual harassment scandals\n1.4 2019 college admissions bribery scandal\n2 Campus\n2.1 Architecture\n2.2 Filming\n2.3 Transportation and parking\n3 Academics\n3.1 Divisions\n3.1.1 Undergraduate\n3.1.2 Graduate\n3.2 Healthcare\n3.3 Research\n3.4 Rankings\n3.4.1 Global\n3.4.2 National\n3.4.3 Graduate school\n3.4.4 Departmental\n3.4.5 Academic field\n3.4.6 Student body\n3.5 Library system\n3.6 Medical school admissions\n4 Admissions\n4.1 Undergraduate\n4.2 Graduate\n5 Economic impact\n5.1 Trademarks and licensing\n5.2 Commerce on campus\n6 Athletics\n6.1 USC rivalry\n7 Student life\n7.1 Greek life\n7.2 Traditions\n7.3 Student government\n7.4 Media publications\n7.5 Housing\n7.6 Hospitality\n7.7 Chabad House\n7.8 Healthy Campus Initiative\n8 Faculty and alumni\n9 See also\n10 References\n11 External links\nHistory[edit]\nMain article: History of the University of California, Los Angeles\nThe Los Angeles branch of the California State Normal School, 1881.\nReginaldo Francisco del Valle was instrumental in the creation of the Los Angeles California State Normal School, predecessor to UCLA.\nIn March 1881, at the request of state senator Reginaldo Francisco del Valle, the California State Legislature authorized the creation of a southern branch of the California State Normal School (now San José State University) in downtown Los Angeles to train teachers for the growing population of Southern California. The Los Angeles branch of the California State Normal School opened on August 29, 1882, on what is now the site of the Central Library of the Los Angeles Public Library system. The facility included an elementary school where teachers-in-training could practice their technique with children. That elementary school is related to the present day UCLA Lab School. In 1887, the branch campus became independent and changed its name to Los Angeles State Normal School.[28][29]\nIn 1914, the school moved to a new campus on Vermont Avenue (now the site of Los Angeles City College) in East Hollywood. In 1917, UC Regent Edward Augustus Dickson, the only regent representing the Southland at the time, and Ernest Carroll Moore, Director of the Normal School, began to lobby the State Legislature to enable the school to become the second University of California campus, after UC Berkeley. They met resistance from UC Berkeley alumni, Northern California members of the state legislature, and Benjamin Ide Wheeler, President of the University of California from 1899 to 1919, who were all vigorously opposed to the idea of a southern campus. However, David Prescott Barrows, the new President of the University of California, did not share Wheeler\'s objections.\nSouthern Branch of the University of California\'s Vermont Campus, 1922.\nOn May 23, 1919, the Southern Californians\' efforts were rewarded when Governor William D. Stephens signed Assembly Bill 626 into law, which acquired the land and buildings and transformed the Los Angeles Normal School into the Southern Branch of the University of California. The same legislation added its general undergraduate program, the Junior College.[30] The Southern Branch campus opened on September 15 of that year, offering two-year undergraduate programs to 250 Junior College students and 1,250 students in the Teachers College, under Moore\'s continued direction.[31] Southern Californians were furious that their so-called "branch" provided only an inferior junior college program (mocked at the time by University of Southern California students as "the twig"),[32] and continued to fight Northern Californians (specifically, Berkeley) for the right to three and then four years of instruction, culminating in bachelor\'s degrees. On December 11, 1923, the Board of Regents authorized a fourth year of instruction and transformed the Junior College into the College of Letters and Science,[33] which awarded its first bachelor\'s degrees on June 12, 1925.[34]\nUnder UC President William Wallace Campbell, enrollment at the Southern Branch expanded so rapidly that by the mid-1920s the institution was outgrowing the 25 acre Vermont Avenue location. The Regents searched for a new location and announced their selection of the so-called "Beverly Site"—just west of Beverly Hills—on March 21, 1925, edging out the panoramic hills of the still-empty Palos Verdes Peninsula. After the athletic teams entered the Pacific Coast conference in 1926, the Southern Branch student council adopted the nickname "Bruins", a name offered by the student council at UC Berkeley.[35] In 1927, the Regents renamed the Southern Branch the University of California at Los Angeles (the word "at" was officially replaced by a comma in 1958, in line with other UC campuses).[1] In the same year, the state broke ground in Westwood on land sold for $1 million, less than one-third its value, by real estate developers Edwin and Harold Janss, for whom the Janss Steps are named.[29] The campus in Westwood opened to students in 1929.\nThe original four buildings were the College Library (now Powell Library), Royce Hall, the Physics-Biology Building (which became the Humanities Building and is now the Renee and David Kaplan Hall), and the Chemistry Building (now Haines Hall), arrayed around a quadrangular courtyard on the 400 acre (1.6 km2) campus. The first undergraduate classes on the new campus were held in 1929 with 5,500 students. After lobbying by alumni, faculty, administration and community leaders, UCLA was permitted to award the master\'s degree in 1933, and the doctorate in 1936, against continued resistance from UC Berkeley.[36]\nMaturity as a university[edit]\nPostcard circa 1930 to 1945 of the new Westwood campus.\nThis section needs expansion with: History after 1951. You can help by adding to it. (June 2016)\nDuring its first 32 years, UCLA was treated as an off-site department of UC. As such, its presiding officer was called a "provost", and reported to the main campus in Berkeley. In 1951, UCLA was formally elevated to co-equal status with UC Berkeley, and its presiding officer Raymond B. Allen was the first chief executive to be granted the title of chancellor. The appointment of Franklin David Murphy to the position of Chancellor in 1960 helped spark an era of tremendous growth of facilities and faculty honors. By the end of the decade, UCLA had achieved distinction in a wide range of subjects. This era also secured UCLA\'s position as a proper university and not simply a branch of the UC system. This change is exemplified by an incident involving Chancellor Murphy, which was described by him:\nI picked up the telephone and called in from somewhere, and the phone operator said, "University of California." And I said, "Is this Berkeley?" She said, "No." I said, "Well, who have I gotten to?" "UCLA." I said, "Why didn\'t you say UCLA?" "Oh", she said, "we\'re instructed to say University of California." So the next morning I went to the office and wrote a memo; I said, "Will you please instruct the operators, as of noon today, when they answer the phone to say, \'UCLA.\'" And they said, "You know they won\'t like it at Berkeley." And I said, "Well, let\'s just see. There are a few things maybe we can do around here without getting their permission."[37]\nRecent history[edit]\nMain article: 2016 UCLA shooting\nOn June 1, 2016, two men were killed in a murder-suicide at an engineering building in the university. School officials put the campus on lockdown as Los Angeles Police Department officers, including SWAT, cleared the campus.[38]\nIn 2018, a student-led community coalition known as "Westwood Forward" successfully led an effort to break UCLA and Westwood Village away from the existing Westwood Neighborhood Council and form a new North Westwood Neighborhood Council, with over 2,000 out of 3,521 stakeholders voting in favor of the split.[39] Westwood Forward\'s campaign focused on making housing more affordable and encouraging nightlife in Westwood by opposing many of the restrictions on housing developments and restaurants the Westwood Neighborhood Council had promoted.[40]\nSexual harassment scandals[edit]\nIn 2014, a graduate student adviser and professor in the history department, Gabriel Piterberg, was accused of sexually assaulting two students.[41] A lawsuit was filed against the university by sexual harassment attorney Ann Olivarius for its failure to properly act on the accusations. An editorial in the student newspaper wrote about the university\'s response, "This outcome is an embarrassment for UCLA. Not only does this represent a huge step backward and a betrayal of students’ trust, but it displays a startlingly low standard when it comes to treatment of sexual assault suspects."[42] The university settled with the plaintiffs and eventually, after simply suspending and fining Piterberg, did more after student protest and legal efforts, including "separation from employment, denial of emeritus status, [and] denial of future employment with the University of California."[43]\nIn 2015, the U.S. Department of Education\'s Office for Civil Rights investigated UCLA and other universities for their compliance with Title IX and responses to sexual violence.[44]\nIn 2018, the university came into the national spotlight again when the Los Angeles Times reported that four UCLA employees had filed lawsuits against UCLA and the UC Board of Regents having accused their workplace supervisor of sexual harassment and the university of failing to properly handle abuse complaints.[45] The harassment allegedly started in early 2016, according to the lawsuits.[46] The women faced retaliation from other supervisors after they filed complaints. The retaliatory behavior included making the women do more work and not allowing them to take time off to see their attorney. They are seeking more than $120 million in damages.\nSubsequently, an audit by the California State Auditor found inconsistent discipline in UCLA sexual misconduct cases. The state audit also found that UCLA did not follow university policy or Title IX requirements.[47][48]\n2019 college admissions bribery scandal[edit]\nMain article: 2019 college admissions bribery scandal\nUCLA was one of several universities named in the largest college admissions scandal ever prosecuted by the United States Department of Justice. On Tuesday, March 12, 2019, UCLA men\'s soccer coach Jorge Salcedo was one of many coaches across the country charged with racketeering and conspiracy, and is alleged to have taken over $200,000 in bribes.[49][50]\nCampus[edit]\nRoyce Hall, one of the original four buildings, inspired by Basilica of Sant\'Ambrogio\nThe Bruin statue, designed by Billy Fitzgerald, in Bruin Plaza.[51]\nThe new UCLA campus in 1929 had four buildings: Royce Hall and Haines Hall on the north, and Powell Library and Kinsey Hall (now called Renee And David Kaplan Hall) on the south. The Janss Steps were the original 87-step entrance to the university that lead to the quad of these four buildings. Today, the campus includes 163 buildings across 419 acres (1.7 km2) in the western part of Los Angeles, north of the Westwood shopping district and just south of Sunset Boulevard. In terms of acreage, it is the second-smallest of the ten UC campuses.[9] The campus is approximately 1 mile east of I-405 (the San Diego Freeway).[52]\nThe campus is in the residential area of Westwood and bordered by Bel-Air to the north, Beverly Hills to the east, and Brentwood to the west. The campus is informally divided into North Campus and South Campus, which are both on the eastern half of the university\'s land. North Campus is the original campus core; its buildings are more traditional in appearance and clad in imported Italian brick. North Campus is home to the arts, humanities, social sciences, law, history, and business programs and is centered around ficus and sycamore-lined Dickson Court, also known as the "Sunken Garden". South Campus is home to the physical sciences, life sciences, engineering, mathematical sciences, health-related fields, and the UCLA Medical Center. The campus includes sculpture gardens, fountains, museums, and a mix of architectural styles.\nAckerman Union, the John Wooden Center, the Arthur Ashe Health and Wellness Center, the Student Activities Center, Kerckhoff Hall, the J.D. Morgan Center, the James West Alumni Center, and Pauley Pavilion stand at the center of the campus, bordering Wilson Plaza. The campus is bisected by Bruin Walk, a heavily traveled pathway from the residential hill to the main campus. At the intersection of Bruin Walk and Westwood Plaza is Bruin Plaza, featuring an outdoor performing arts stage and a bronze statue of the Bruin bear.\nDuring the 2028 Summer Olympics, wrestling and judo will be held at Pauley Pavilion. The campus will also be the location of the Olympic Village for the Olympic and Paralympic Games.[53]\nArchitecture[edit]\nVaulted arches of Royce Hall\nThe first buildings were designed by the local firm Allison & Allison. The Romanesque Revival style of these first four structures remained the predominant building style until the 1950s, when architect Welton Becket was hired to supervise the expansion of the campus over the next two decades. Becket greatly streamlined its general appearance, adding several rows of minimalist, slab–shaped brick buildings to the southern half, the largest of these being the UCLA Medical Center.[54] Architects such as A. Quincy Jones, William Pereira, and Paul Williams designed many subsequent structures on the campus during the mid-20th century. More recent additions include buildings designed by architects I.M. Pei, Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates, Richard Meier, Cesar Pelli, and Rafael Vinoly. To accommodate UCLA\'s rapidly growing student population, multiple construction and renovation projects are in progress, including expansions of the life sciences and engineering research complexes. This continuous construction gives UCLA the nickname "Under Construction Like Always".[55]\nOne notable building on campus is named after African-American alumnus Ralph Bunche, who received the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating an armistice agreement between the Jews and Arabs in Israel. The entrance of Bunche Hall features a bust of him overlooking the Franklin D. Murphy Sculpture Garden. He was the first individual of non-European background and the first UCLA alumnus to be honored with the Prize.\nThe Hannah Carter Japanese Garden is located a mile north of campus, in the community of Bel Air. The garden was designed by landscape architect Nagao Sakurai of Tokyo and garden designer Kazuo Nakamura of Kyoto in 1959. The garden was donated to UCLA by former UC regent and UCLA alumnus Edward W. Carter and his wife Hannah Carter in 1964 with the stipulation that it remains open to the public.[56] After the garden was damaged by heavy rains in 1969, UCLA Professor of Art and Campus Architect Koichi Kawana took on the task of its reconstruction.[citation needed] The property was sold in 2016 and public access is no longer required.[56]\nFilming[edit]\nThe front lawn of UCLA\'s Kerckhoff Hall, as seen during the orientation scene in Legally Blonde.\nUCLA has attracted filmmakers for decades with its proximity to Hollywood. Much of the film Gotcha! (1985) was shot at UCLA, as well as John Singleton\'s Higher Learning (1995). Legally Blonde (2001), Old School (2003), The Nutty Professor (1995), Erin Brockovich (2000), How High (2001), National Lampoon\'s Van Wilder (2002), American Pie 2 (2001), and Bring It On Again (2004) were all mainly shot around campus. In January 2009, the Bollywood movie My Name is Khan (2010) was shot on campus. UCLA is also often cast as Stanford in television shows such as The Mindy Project and Chuck. Some of the exterior shots of the fictional UC Sunnydale in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and ABC Family original series Greek were also filmed at UCLA. The site was also used to represent the fictional Windsor College which appears in Scream 2 (1997).[57]\nIn response to the major demand for filming, UCLA has instated a policy to regulate filming and professional photography at the campus.[58] "UCLA is located in Los Angeles, the same place as the American motion picture industry", said UCLA visiting professor of film and television Jonathan Kuntz.[59] "So we\'re convenient for (almost) all of the movie companies, TV production companies, commercial companies and so on. We\'re right where the action is."\nTransportation and parking[edit]\nCalifornia NanoSystems Institute interior walkways above a parking structure.\nThe campus maintains 24,000 parking spaces,[needs update] and operates an award-winning sustainable transportation program.[60][61][62] Elements of the sustainable transportation program include vanpools, a campus shuttle system called BruinBus, discounted carpool permits, and subsidized transit passes. One of the pass programs includes BruinGo!,[63] which allows students and staff members to purchase discounted passes to ride Santa Monica\'s Big Blue Bus and the Culver CityBus.[64] Additionally, UCLA has a grocery shuttle that transports students between the dorms and Westwood, on weekends in order to facilitate students\' shopping needs.[65]\nAcademics[edit]\nDivisions[edit]\nUndergraduate[edit]\nCollege of Letters and Science\nSocial Sciences Division\nHumanities Division\nPhysical Sciences Division\nLife Sciences Division\nSchool of the Arts and Architecture\nHenry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science (HSSEAS)\nHerb Alpert School of Music\nSchool of Theater, Film and Television\nSchool of Nursing\nLuskin School of Public Affairs\nGraduate[edit]\nGraduate School of Education & Information Studies (GSEIS)\nSchool of Law\nAnderson School of Management\nLuskin School of Public Affairs\nDavid Geffen School of Medicine\nSchool of Dentistry\nJonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health\nSemel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior\nSchool of Nursing\nHealthcare[edit]\nRonald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, near the main entrance to the campus\nThe David Geffen School of Medicine, School of Nursing, School of Dentistry and Fielding School of Public Health constitute the professional schools of health science.\nThe UCLA Health System operates the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, a hospital in Santa Monica and twelve primary care clinics throughout Los Angeles County. In addition, the UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine uses two Los Angeles County public hospitals as teaching hospitals—Harbor–UCLA Medical Center and Olive View–UCLA Medical Center—as well as the largest private nonprofit hospital on the west coast, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. The Greater Los Angeles VA Medical Center is also a major teaching and training site for the university. The UCLA Medical Center made history in 1981 when Assistant Professor Michael Gottlieb first diagnosed AIDS. UCLA medical researchers also pioneered the use of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning to study brain function. Professor of Pharmacology Louis Ignarro was one of the recipients of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the signaling cascade of nitric oxide, one of the most important molecules in cardiopulmonary physiology.\nThe U.S. News & World Report Best Hospitals ranking for 2019 ranks UCLA Medical Center 6th in the United States and 1st in the West.[66] UCLA Medical Center was ranked within the top 20 in the United States for 15 out of 16 medical specialty areas examined.[67]\nResearch[edit]\nUCLA is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" and had $1.32 billion in research expenditures in FY 2018.[68][69]\nRankings[edit]\nAcademic rankings\nNational\nARWU[70] 11\nForbes[71] 38\nTHE/WSJ[72] 26\nU.S. News & World Report[73] 20\nWashington Monthly[74] 11\nGlobal\nARWU[75] 13\nQS[76] 36\nTHE[77] 15\nU.S. News & World Report[78] 13\nshow\nNational Program Rankings[79]\nshow\nGlobal Subject Rankings[80]\nGlobal[edit]\nThe Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2017–2018 ranks UCLA 15th in the world for academics, No.1 US Public University for academics, and 13th in the world for reputation.[81] In 2020, it ranked 16th among the universities around the world by SCImago Institutions Rankings.[82] UCLA was ranked 33rd in the QS World University Rankings in 2017 and 12th in the world (10th in North America) by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) in 2017. In 2017, the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) ranked the university 15th in the world based on quality of education, alumni employment, quality of faculty, publications, influence, citations, broad impact, and patents.[83] The 2017 U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Rankings report ranked UCLA 10th in the world.[84] The CWTS Leiden ranking of universities based on scientific impact for 2017 ranks UCLA 14th in the world.[85] The University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP) conducted by Middle East Technical University for 2016–2017 ranked UCLA 12th in the world based on the quantity, quality and impact of research articles and citations.[86] The Webometrics Ranking of World Universities for 2017 ranked UCLA 11th in the world based on the presence, impact, openness and excellence of its research publications.[87]\nNational[edit]\nThe 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges report ranked UCLA first among public universities.[88] The Washington Monthly ranked UCLA 11th among national universities in 2020, with criteria based on research, community service, and social mobility. The Money Magazine Best Colleges ranking for 2015 ranked UCLA 26th in the United States, based on educational quality, affordability and alumni earnings.[89] In 2014, The Daily Beast\'s Best Colleges report ranked UCLA 10th in the country.[90] The Kiplinger Best College Values report for 2015 ranked UCLA 6th for value among American public universities.[91] The Wall Street Journal and Times Higher Education ranked UCLA 26th among national universities in 2016.[92] The 2013 Top American Research Universities report by the Center for Measuring University Performance ranks UCLA 11th in power, 12th in resources, faculty, and education, 14th in resources and education and 9th in education.[93] The 2015 Princeton Review College Hopes & Worries Survey ranked UCLA as the No. 5 "Dream College" among students and the No. 10 "Dream College" among parents.[94] The National Science Foundation ranked UCLA 10th among American universities for research and development expenditures in 2014 with $948 million.[95] In 2017 The New York Times ranked UCLA 1st for economic upward-mobility among 65 "elite" colleges in the United States.[96]\nGraduate school[edit]\nSouth entrance to the School of Law.\nFielding School of Public Health\nAnderson School of Management\nHenry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science\nAs of March 2021, the U.S. News & World Report Best Graduate Schools report ranked the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies (GSEIS) 3rd, the Anderson School of Management 18th, the David Geffen School of Medicine tied for 12th for Primary Care and 21st for Research, the School of Law 14th, the Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science (HSSEAS) 16th, the Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health 10th, and the School of Nursing 16th.[84] The QS Global 200 MBA Rankings report for 2015 ranks the Anderson School of Management 9th among North American business schools.[97] The 2014 Economist ranking of Full-time MBA programs ranks the Anderson School of Management 13th in the world.[98] The 2014 Financial Times ranking of MBA programs ranks the Anderson School 26th in the world.[99] The 2014 Bloomberg Businessweek ranking of Full-time MBA programs ranks the Anderson School of Management 11th in the United States.[100] The 2014 Business Insider ranking of the world\'s best business schools ranks the Anderson School of Management 20th in the world.[101] The 2014 Eduniversal Business Schools Ranking ranks the Anderson School of Management 15th in the United States.[102] In 2015, career website Vault ranked the Anderson School of Management 16th among American business schools,[103] and the School of Law 15th among American law schools.[104] In 2015, financial community website QuantNet ranked the Anderson School of Management\'s Master of Financial Engineering program 12th among North American financial engineering programs.[105]\nThe U.S. News & World Report Best Online Programs report for 2016 ranked the Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science (HSSEAS) 1st among online graduate engineering programs.[106]\nDepartmental[edit]\nDepartments ranked in the national top ten by the 2016 U.S. News & World Report Best Graduate Schools report are Clinical Psychology (1st), Fine Arts (2nd), Psychology (2nd), Medical School: Primary Care (6th), Math (7th), History (9th), Sociology (9th), English (10th), Political Science (10th), and Public Health (10th).[84]\nDepartments ranked in the global top ten by the 2016 U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities report are Arts and Humanities (7th), Biology and Biochemistry (10th), Chemistry (6th), Clinical Medicine (10th), Materials Science (10th), Mathematics (7th), Neuroscience and Behavior (7th), Psychiatry/Psychology (3rd) and Social Sciences and Public Health (8th).[107]\nDepartments ranked in the global top ten by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) for 2015 are Mathematics (8th)[108] and Computer Science (9th).[109]\nDepartments ranked in the global top ten by the QS World University Rankings for 2020 are English Language & Literature (9th),[110] Linguistics (10th),[111] Modern Languages (7th),[112] Medicine (7th),[113] Psychology (6th),[114] Mathematics (9th),[115] Geography (5th),[116] Communications & Media Studies (13th),[117] Education (11th)[118] and Sociology (7th).[119]\nAcademic field[edit]\nAcademic field rankings in the global top ten according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) for 2015 are Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy (10th).[120]\nAcademic field rankings in the global top ten according to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2014–2015 include Arts & Humanities (10th),[121] Clinical, Pre-clinical and Health (9th),[122] Engineering and Technology (9th),[123] Physical Sciences (9th),[124] and Social Sciences (9th).[125]\nAcademic field rankings in the global top ten according to the QS World University Rankings for 2015 are Arts & Humanities (10th)[126] and Life Sciences and Medicine (10th).[127]\nStudent body[edit]\nThe Institute of International Education ranked UCLA the American university with the seventh-most international students in 2016 (behind NYU, USC, Arizona State, Columbia University, The University of Illinois, and Northeastern University).[128] In 2014, Business Insider ranked UCLA 5th in the world for the number of alumni working at Google (behind Stanford, Berkeley, Carnegie Mellon, and MIT).[129] In 2015, Business Insider ranked UCLA 10th among American universities with the most students hired by Silicon Valley companies.[130] In 2015, research firm PitchBook ranked UCLA 9th in the world for venture capital raised by undergraduate alumni, and 11th in the world for producing the most MBA graduate alumni who are entrepreneurs backed by venture capital.[131]\nLibrary system[edit]\nMain article: University of California, Los Angeles Library\nPowell Library, across the quad from Royce Hall\nUCLA\'s library system has over nine million books and 70,000 serials spread over twelve libraries and eleven other archives, reading rooms, and research centers. It is the United States\' 12th largest library in number of volumes.[132]\nThe first library, University Library (presently Powell Library), was founded in 1884. In 1910, Elizabeth Fargo became the university\'s first librarian. Lawrence Powell became librarian in 1944, and began a series of system overhauls and modifications, and in 1959, was named Dean of the School of Library Service.[133] More libraries were added as previous ones filled. Page Ackerman became University Librarian in 1973 and was the nation\'s first female librarian of a system as large and complex as UCLA\'s. She oversaw the first coordinations between other UC schools, and formed a new administrative network that is still in use today.[134] Since her retirement, the system has seen steady growth and improvement under various librarians. The present University Librarian is Virginia Steel, who took office on July 15, 2013.[135]\nMedical school admissions[edit]\nAccording to the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), UCLA supplies the most undergraduate applicants to U.S. medical schools among all American universities. In 2015, UCLA supplied 961 medical school applicants, followed by UC Berkeley with 819 and the University of Florida with 802.[136]\nAmong first-time medical school applicants who received their bachelor\'s degree from UCLA in 2014, 51% were admitted to at least one U.S. medical school.[137]\nAdmissions[edit]\nUndergraduate[edit]\nEnrolled Fall Freshman Statistics\nExcluding deferred applications or other unique situations.\n 2020[138] 2019[139] 2018[140]\nApplicants 108,877 111,332 111,011\nAdmits 15,602 13,720 15,556\nAdmit rate 14.3% 12.3% 14.0%\nEnrolled 6,386 5,920 6,217\nAverage GPA (Unweighted) 3.90 3.90 3.89\nSAT Range 1290-1510 1290-1510 1280–1510\nACT Range 29-34 27-34 28–34\nU.S. News & World Report rates UCLA "Most Selective"[141] and The Princeton Review rates its admissions selectivity of 97 out of 99.[142] 102,242 prospective freshmen applied for Fall 2017, the most of any four-year university in the United States.[143]\nAdmission rates vary according to the residency of applicants. For Fall 2019, California residents had an admission rate of 12.0%, while out-of-state U.S. residents had an admission rate of 16.4% and internationals had an admission rate of 8.4%.[144] UCLA\'s overall freshman admit rate for the Fall 2019 term was 12.3%.[138]\nAs of 2020, the basis for selection at UCLA includes several academic and nonacademic factors. Those considered "very important" are all academic; they are rigor of secondary school record, academic GPA, standardized test scores, and application essay(s). Those considered "important" are talent/ability, character/personal qualities, volunteer work, work experience, and extracurricular activities. Factors that are not considered at all include class rank, interviews, alumni relation, and racial/ethnic status.[138]\nEnrolled freshman for Fall 2019 had an unweighted GPA of 3.90, an SAT interquartile range of 1280–1510, and an ACT interquartile range of 27–34. The SAT interquartile ranges were 640–740 for reading/writing and 640–790 for math.[138] Among the admitted freshman applicants for the Fall 2019 term, 43.1% chose to enroll at UCLA.[138]\nUCLA\'s freshman admission rate varies drastically across colleges. For Fall 2016, the College of Letters and Science had an admission rate of 21.2%, the Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science (HSSEAS) had an admission rate of 12.4%, the Herb Alpert School of Music had an admission rate of 23.5%, the School of the Arts and Architecture had an admission rate of 10.3%, the School of Nursing had an admission rate of 2.2%, and the School of Theater, Film and Television had an admission rate of 4.4%.[145]\nOne of the major issues is the decreased admission of African-Americans since the passage of Proposition 209 in 1996, prohibiting state governmental institutions from considering race, sex, or ethnicity, specifically in the areas of public employment, public contracting, and public education.[146] UCLA responded by shifting to a holistic admissions process starting Fall 2007.[147] The holistic admissions process evaluates applicants based on their opportunities in high school, their personal hardships and unusual circumstances at home.\nGraduate[edit]\nHugh and Hazel Darling Law Library, UCLA School of Law\nFor Fall 2014, the David Geffen School of Medicine admitted 3.2% of its applicants, making it the 9th most selective U.S. medical school.[148] The School of Law had a median undergraduate GPA of 3.74 and median Law School Admission Test (LSAT) score of 166 for the enrolled class of 2018.[149] The Anderson School of Management had a middle-80% GPA range of 3.2 – 3.8 and an average Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) score of 714 for the enrolled MBA class of 2017.[150]\nThe School of Dentistry had an average overall GPA of 3.75, an average science GPA of 3.71 and an average Dental Admissions Test (DAT) score of 22 for the enrolled class of 2018.[151] The Graduate School of Nursing currently has an acceptance rate of 3.9%. For Fall 2015, the Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science (HSSEAS) had a graduate acceptance rate of 27.6%.[152]\nEconomic impact[edit]\nThe university has a significant impact in the Los Angeles economy. It is the fifth largest employer in the county (after Los Angeles County, the Los Angeles Unified School District, the federal government and the City of Los Angeles) and the seventh largest in the region.[153][154]\nTrademarks and licensing[edit]\nThe UCLA trademark "is the exclusive property of the Regents of the University of California",[155] but it is managed, protected, and licensed through UCLA Trademarks and Licensing, a division of the Associated Students UCLA, the largest student employer on campus.[156][157] As such, the ASUCLA also has a share in the profits.\nDue to UCLA\'s academic and athletic prestige, as well as the name, being associated with popular images of Southern California lifestyle, apparel with UCLA logos and insignia sells not just in the United States, but as an overseas clothing and accessories brand. High demand for UCLA apparel has inspired the licensing of its trademark to UCLA brand stores throughout Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Since 1980, 15 UCLA stores have opened in South Korea, and 49 are currently open in China. The newest store was opened in Kuwait.[158] There are also stores in Mexico, Singapore, India and Europe.[159] UCLA makes $400,000 in royalties every year through its international licensing program.[159]\nCommerce on campus[edit]\nA hoodie from the UCLA Store\nUCLA has various store locations around campus, with the main store in Ackerman Union. In addition, UCLA-themed products are sold at the gift shop of Fowler Museum on campus.\nDue to licensing and trademarks, products with UCLA logos and insignia are usually higher priced than their unlicensed counterparts. These products have popularity among visitors, who buy them as gifts and souvenirs. For certain products (such as notebooks and folders) the UCLA Store offers both licensed (logo) and unlicensed (without logo, thus cheaper) options, but for many other products the latter option is often unavailable.[citation needed]\nStudents who are part-time employed by ASUCLA at a UCLA Store or a UCLA Restaurant are offered certain discounts when they are shopping at UCLA Stores, in addition to their salary.\nAthletics[edit]\nMain article: UCLA Bruins\nOfficial logo of UCLA Athletics\nThe Solid Gold Sound of the UCLA Bruin Marching Band\nThe school\'s sports teams are called the Bruins, represented by the colors true blue and gold. The Bruins participate in NCAA Division I as part of the Pac-12 Conference. Two notable sports facilities serve as home venues for UCLA sports. The Bruin men\'s football team plays home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena; the team won a national title in 1954. The basketball and volleyball teams, and the women\'s gymnastics team compete at Pauley Pavilion on campus. The school also sponsors cross country, soccer, women\'s rowing, golf, tennis, water polo, track and field, and women\'s softball.\nThe mascots are Joe and Josephine Bruin, and the fight songs are Sons of Westwood and Mighty Bruins. The alma mater is Hail to the Hills of Westwood.\nWhen Henry "Red" Sanders came to UCLA to coach football in 1949, the uniforms were redesigned. Sanders added a gold loop on the shoulders—the UCLA Stripe. The navy blue was changed to a lighter shade of blue. Sanders figured that the baby blue would look better on the field and in film. He dubbed the uniform "Powder Keg Blue", a powder blue with an explosive kick. This would also differentiate UCLA from all other UC teams, whose official colors are blue and gold.\nUCLA competes in all major Division I sports and has won 128 national championships, including 119 NCAA championships. Only Stanford University has more NCAA team championships, with 126.[160] On April 21, 2018, UCLA\'s women\'s gymnastics team defeated Oklahoma Sooners to win its 7th NCAA National Championship as well as UCLA\'s 115th overall team title. Most recently, UCLA\'s women\'s soccer team defeated Florida State to win its first NCAA National Championship along with women\'s tennis who defeated North Carolina to win its second NCAA National title ever.[161] UCLA\'s softball program is also outstanding.[162] Women\'s softball won their NCAA-leading 12th National Championship, on June 4, 2019. The women\'s water polo team is also dominant, with a record 7 NCAA championships. Notably, the team helped UCLA become the first school to win 100 NCAA championships overall when they won their fifth on May 13, 2007.\nThe men\'s water polo team won UCLA\'s 112th, 113th, and 114th national championships, defeating USC in the championship game three times: on December 7, 2014, on December 6, 2015, and on December 3, 2017. On October 9, 2016, the top-ranked men\'s water polo team broke the NCAA record for consecutive wins when they defeated UC Davis for their 52nd straight win. This toppled Stanford\'s previous record of 51 consecutive wins set in 1985–87. The men\'s water polo team has become a dominant sport on campus with a total of 11 national championships.\nBasketball at Pauley Pavilion\nAmong UCLA\'s 118 championship titles, some of the more notable victories are in men\'s basketball. Under legendary coach John Wooden, UCLA men\'s basketball teams won 10 NCAA championships, including a record seven consecutive, in 1964, 1965, 1967–1973, and 1975, and an 11th was added under then-coach Jim Harrick in 1995 (through 2008, the most consecutive by any other team is two).[162] From 1971 to 1974, UCLA men\'s basketball won an unprecedented 88 consecutive games. UCLA has also shown dominance in men\'s volleyball, with 19 national championships. All 19 teams were led by former[163] coach Al Scates, which ties him with John McDonnell of the University of Arkansas as NCAA leader for national championships in a single sport.[162]\nFormer UCLA basketball player and former NBA player Earl Watson commented, "Eleven national championships, the best coach (Wooden) to coach the game says a lot. I take offense to those who act like UCLA is just another school compared with Duke. Duke is a great school in the east, but UCLA is worldwide."\nUCLA is one of only six universities (Michigan, Stanford, Ohio State, California, and Florida being the others) to have won national championships in all three major men\'s sports (baseball, basketball, and football).[164]\nUSC rivalry[edit]\nMain article: UCLA–USC rivalry\nA UCLA-USC rivalry game.\nUCLA shares a traditional sports rivalry with the nearby University of Southern California, especially for football. Under famous coach John Wooden, UCLA became a dominating power in men\'s basketball, and has won 11 NCAA championships, against USC\'s zero.[165] In football, UCLA has one national champion team and 16 conference titles, compared to USC\'s 11 national championships and 37 conference championships. The two football teams compete for annual possession of the Victory Bell, the trophy of the rivalry football game. In 2015, UCLA\'s football team was beaten by USC in a 21–40 defeat at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, ending its three-game winning streak.[166]\nThe schools share a rivalry in many other sports. In men\'s volleyball, UCLA won 19 NCAA Men\'s Volleyball Championships against USC\'s four.[162] UCLA also dominates the all-time series vs. USC in men\'s volleyball (86–34).[167] In women\'s volleyball UCLA leads the all-time series against USC as well and has won eight national champions to USC\'s six.[168] In soccer, UCLA leads USC in the all-time series 13–3–0, yet USC no longer competes in men\'s NCAA Division I soccer.[169] The annual SoCal BMW Crosstown Cup compares the two schools based on their performance in 19 varsity sports; UCLA has won five times and USC has won nine times. This rivalry extends to the Olympic Games, where UCLA athletes have won 250 medals over a span of 50 years while USC athletes have won 287 over 100 years.[170][171][172]\nUCLA and USC also compete in the We Run The City 5K, an annual charity race to raise donations for Special Olympics Southern California. The race is located on the campus of one of the schools and switches to the other campus each year. USC won the race in 2013 and 2015, while UCLA won the race in 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2017.[173]\nThe origin is unclear, but the rivalry most likely started when football Hall of Fame coach Red Sanders led UCLA to dominance in the 1950s. USC, having won four national championships prior to UCLA\'s first and only title in 1954 diverted some attention from then-rival University of Notre Dame, and the new cross-town rivalry began.[174]\nStudent life[edit]\nEthnic Enrollment, Fall [175]\nEthnicity 2020 Undergraduate 2016 Undergraduate 2020 Graduate 2016 Graduate\nBlack 5.4% 4.8% 6.3% 4.9%\nAsian 33.3% 32.1% 21.8% 20.2%\nWhite 25.9% 26.3% 32.2% 34.7%\nHispanic and Latino 20.8% 20.9% 11.9% 9.4%\nNative American 0.6% 0.5% 0.6% 0.6%\nUnreported/unknown 3.8% 3.5% 4.7% 5.3%\nInternational 10.3% 11.9% 22.4% 24.9%\nEthnicity, 2016[176]\nUndergrad Graduate Percentage\nBlack Non-Latinos 1,485 619 4.8%\nAsian or Pacific Islander 9,917 2,566 29.1%\nHispanic and Latino Americans 6,462 1,188 17.3%\nAmerican Indian or Alaskan Native 169 79 0.6%\nWhite Non-Latinos 8,113 4,394 29.1%\nUnstated, Unknown, Other 1,068 670 4.0%\nInternational Students 3,659 3,159 15.2%\nThe campus is located near prominent entertainment venues such as the Getty Center, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) and the Santa Monica Pier. UCLA offers classical orchestras, intramural sports, and over 800 student organizations. UCLA is also home to more than 70 fraternities and sororities, which represent 13% of the undergraduate population.[177] Phrateres, a non-exclusive social-service club for women was founded here in 1924 by the Dean of Women, Helen Matthewson Laughlin. Students and staff participate in dinghy sailing, surfing, windsurfing, rowing, and kayaking at the UCLA Marina Aquatic Center in Marina del Rey.\nUCLA\'s first contemporary a cappella group, Awaken A Cappella, was founded in 1992. The all-male group, Bruin Harmony, has enjoyed a successful career since its inception in 2006, portraying a collegiate a cappella group in The Social Network (2010), while the ScatterTones finished in second-place in the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella in 2012, 2013, and 2014, and third-place in 2017 and 2019. In 2020, The A Cappella Archive ranked the ScatterTones at #2 among all ICCA-competing groups.[178] Other a cappella groups include Signature, Random Voices, Medleys, YOUTHphonics, Resonance, Deviant Voices, AweChords, Pitch Please, Da Verse, Naya Zaamana, Jewkbox, On That Note, Tinig Choral, and Cadenza.[179] YOUTHphonics and Medleys are UCLA\'s only nonprofit service-oriented a cappella groups.[180]\nThere are also a variety of cultural organizations on campus, such as Nikkei Student Union (NSU), Japanese Student Association (JSA),[181] Association of Chinese Americans (ACA), Chinese Students and Scholars Association (CSSA), Chinese Music Ensemble (CME), Chinese Cultural Dance Club (CCDC), Taiwanese American Union (TAU), Taiwanese Student Association (TSA), Hong Kong Student Society (HKSS), Hanoolim Korean Cultural Awareness Group, Samahang Pilipino, Vietnamese Student Union (VSU), and Thai Smakom. Many of these organizations have an annual "culture night" consisting of drama and dance which raises awareness of culture and history to the campus and community.\nUCLA operates on a quarter calendar with the exception of the UCLA School of Law and the UCLA School of Medicine, which operate on a semester calendar.\nGreek life[edit]\nThere are more than 65 inter/national and local Greek-letter organizations at UCLA in six governing councils; Asian Greek Council (AGC), Interfraternity Greek Council (IFC), Latino Greek Council (LGC), Multi-Interest Greek Council (MIGC), National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC), and Panhellenic Council (Panhel). Approximately 3,800 undergraduate students (13%) are involved in UCLA Greek life. [182]\nIFC\nAlpha Epsilon Pi\nAlpha Gamma Omega\nBeta Theta Pi\nDelta Sigma Phi\nDelta Tau Delta\nKappa Sigma\nLambda Chi Alpha\nPhi Delta Theta\nPhi Kappa Psi\nPhi Kappa Sigma\nPi Kappa Phi\nSigma Alpha Epsilon\nSigma Alpha Mu\nSigma Chi\nSigma Nu\nSigma Phi Epsilon\nSigma Pi\nTheta Chi\nTheta Delta Chi\nTheta Xi\nTriangle\nZeta Beta Tau\nPANHEL\nAlpha Chi Omega\nAlpha Delta Chi\nAlpha Delta Pi\nAlpha Gamma Delta\nAlpha Phi\nChi Omega\nDelta Gamma\nGamma Phi Beta\nKappa Alpha Theta\nKappa Delta\nKappa Kappa Gamma\nPhi Sigma Rho\nPi Beta Phi\nAGC\nOmega Sigma Tau\nChi Alpha Delta\nTheta Kappa Phi\nLGC\nGamma Zeta Alpha\nLambda Theta Alpha\nLambda Theta Phi\nLambda Theta Nu\nNu Alpha Kappa\nPhi Lambda Rho\nSigma Lambda Beta\nSigma Lambda Gamma\nMIGC\nAlpha Epsilon Omega\nAlpha Gamma Alpha\nBeta Delta Alpha\nChi Delta Theta\nDelta Lambda Phi\nGamma Rho Lambda\nSigma Pi Beta\nKappa Psi Epsilon\nZeta Phi Rho\nSigma Alpha Epsilon Pi\nSigma Alpha Zeta\nSigma Delta Sigma\nSigma Pi Sigma Psi\nNPHC\nAlpha Phi Alpha\nAlpha Kappa Alpha\nKappa Alpha Psi\nDelta Sigma Theta\nPhi Beta Sigma\nSigma Gamma Rho\nZeta Phi Beta\nAsian Greek Council (AGC): Governing body of the 4 historically Asian-founded fraternities and sororities. Latino Greek Council (LGC): Governing body of the 8 Latino/a founded Greek-letter organizations. Multi-Interest Greek Council (MIGC): Governing body of the 15 cultural-based/special-interest fraternity and sorority organizations. National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC): Governing body of the 7 historically African American Greek-letter organizations at UCLA.\nTraditions[edit]\nSpring Sing 2009\nUCLA\'s official charity is UniCamp, founded in 1934. It is a week-long summer camp for under-served children from the greater Los Angeles area, with UCLA volunteer counselors. UniCamp runs for seven weeks throughout the summer at Camp River Glen in the San Bernardino National Forest. Because UniCamp is a non-profit organization, student volunteers from UCLA also fundraise money throughout the year to allow these children to attend summer camp.[183]\nTrue Bruin Welcome begins the fall quarter to introduce new students to clubs and activities. The week includes the Day of Service for all freshmen, the Enormous Activities Fair, and the Sports Fair. At the end of move-in and the beginning of True Bruin Welcome, UCLA holds Bruin Bash, which includes a concert, dance and movie pre-release. Bruin Bash was created as a replacement for Black Sunday, a large-scale day of partying including all fraternities in North Westwood Village.\nThe Pediatric AIDS Coalition organizes the annual Dance Marathon in Pauley Pavilion, where thousands of students raise a minimum of $250 and dance for 26 hours to support the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Project Kindle, and the UCLA AIDS Institute. Dancers are not allowed to sit (except to use the restroom) during the marathon, literally taking a stand against pediatric AIDS, and symbolizing the suffering of affected children around the world. In 2015, Dance Marathon at UCLA raised $446,157.[184]\nDuring Finals Week, UCLA students participate in "Midnight Yell", where they yell as loudly as possible for a few minutes at midnight to release some stress from studying. The quarterly Undie Run takes place during the Wednesday evening of Finals Week, when students run through the campus in their underwear or in skimpy costumes. The run began in Fall of 2001 when a student, Eric Whitehead, wearing what he described as "really short shorts" walked around singing and playing guitar to protest the police restrictions on the Midnight Yell.[185] With the increasing safety hazards and Police and Administration involvement, a student committee changed the route to a run through campus to Shapiro Fountain, which now culminates with students dancing in the fountain.[186] In 2007, the route was changed again to begin at Strathmore Avenue instead of Landfair Avenue. The Undie Run has spread to other American universities, including the University of Texas at Austin, Arizona State University, and Syracuse University.\nThe Alumni Association sponsors several events, usually large extravaganzas involving huge amounts of coordination, such as the 70-year-old Spring Sing, organized by the Student Alumni Association (SAA). UCLA\'s oldest tradition, Spring Sing is an annual gala of student talent, which is held at either Pauley Pavilion or the outdoor Los Angeles Tennis Center. The committee bestows the George and Ira Gershwin Lifetime Achievement Award each year to a major contributor to the music industry. Past recipients have included Stevie Wonder, Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald, James Taylor, Ray Charles, Natalie Cole, Quincy Jones,[187] Lionel Richie, and in 2009, Julie Andrews.[188] The Dinner for 12 Strangers is a gathering of students, alumni, administration and faculty to network around different interests.[189] The "Beat \'SC Bonfire and Rally" occurs the week before the USC rivalry football game.\nJazzReggae Festival 2010\nThe USAC Cultural Affairs Commission hosts the JazzReggae Festival, a two-day concert on Memorial Day weekend that attracts more than 20,000 attendees. The JazzReggae Festival is the largest, entirely student produced and run event of its kind on the West Coast.[190]\nSigma Eta Pi and Bruin Entrepreneurs organize LA Hacks, an annual hackathon where students from around the United States come to build technology products. LA Hacks established itself as the largest hackathon in the United States when over 1500 students participated on April 11–13, 2014.[191] LA Hacks also holds the record for the most funds raised via corporate sponsorships with $250,000 raised. Some of the tech world\'s most prominent people have given talks and judged projects at LA Hacks, including Evan Spiegel (Founder and CEO of Snapchat), Alexis Ohanian (Co-Founder of Reddit), Sam Altman (President of Y Combinator) and Chris De Wolfe (Founder of Myspace).\nStudent government[edit]\nKerckhoff Hall houses the student government and the Daily Bruin.\nThe Associated Students UCLA (ASUCLA) encompasses the student government and student-led enterprises at UCLA. ASUCLA has four major components: the Undergraduate Students Association, the Graduate Students Association, Student Media, and Services & Enterprises. However, in common practice, the term ASUCLA refers to the services and enterprises component. This includes the Student Store, Bookstore, Food Services, Student Union, etc. These commercial enterprises generate approximately $40 million in annual revenues.[192] As a nonprofit corporation, the financial goal of ASUCLA is to provide quality services and programs for students. ASUCLA is governed by a student-majority Board of Directors. The Undergraduate Students Association and Graduate Students Association each appoint three members plus one alternative. In addition to the student members, there are representatives appointed by the administration, the academic senate, and the alumni association. The "services and enterprises" portion of ASUCLA is run by a professional executive director who oversees some 300 staff and 2,000 student employees.\nThe Graduate Students Association is the governing body for approximately 13,000 graduate and professional students at UCLA.[193]\nThe Undergraduate Students Association Council (USAC) is the governing body of the Undergraduate Students Association (USA) whose membership comprises every UCLA undergraduate student.[194] As of 2015, the student body had two major political slates: Bruins United and Let\'s Act. In the Spring 2016 election, the two competing parties were Bruins United and Waves of Change—a smaller faction that broke off of Lets Act.\nUSAC\'s fourteen student officers and commissioners are elected by members of the Undergraduate Students Association at an annual election held during Spring Quarter. In addition to its fourteen elected members, USAC includes appointed representatives of the Administration, the Alumni, and the Faculty, as well as two ex-officio members, the ASUCLA Executive Director and a student Finance Committee Chairperson who is appointed by the USA President and approved by USAC. All members of USAC may participate fully in Council deliberations, but only the elected officers, minus the USAC President may vote.\nAlong with the council, the student government also includes a seven-member Judicial Board, which similar to the Supreme Court, serves as the judicial branch of government and reviews actions of the council. These seven students are appointed by the student body president and confirmed by the council.\nUSAC\'s programs offers additional services to the campus and surrounding communities. For example, each year approximately 40,000 students, faculty and staff attend programs of the Campus Events Commission, including a low-cost film program, a speakers program which presents leading figures from a wide range of disciplines, and performances by dozens of entertainers. Two to three thousand UCLA undergraduates participate annually in the more than twenty voluntary outreach programs run by the Community Service Commission. A large corps of undergraduate volunteers also participate in programs run by the Student Welfare Commission, such as AIDS Awareness, Substance Abuse Awareness, Blood Drives and CPR/First Aid Training.\nMedia publications[edit]\nUCLA Student Media is the home of UCLA\'s newspaper, magazines, and radio station.[195] Most student media publications are governed by the ASUCLA Communications Board.\nThe Daily Bruin is UCLA\'s most prominent student publication. Founded in 1919 under the name Cub Californian, it has since then developed into Los Angeles\' third-most circulated newspaper. It has won dozens of national awards, and is regularly commended for layout and content. In 2016, the paper won two National Pacemaker Awards – one for the best college newspaper in the country, and another for the best college media website in the country.[196] The newspaper has not been without scrutiny and controversy, and in 1954, the administration attempted to intervene with the previous policy of electing editors by a student council.\nUCLA Student Media also publishes seven special-interest news magazines: Al-Talib, Fem, Ha\'Am, La Gente, Nommo, Pacific Ties, and OutWrite, a school yearbook, BruinLife, and the student-run radio station, UCLA Radio.\nStudent groups such as The Forum for Energy Economics and Development also publish yearly journals focused on energy technologies and industries. There are also numerous graduate student-run journals at UCLA, such as Carte Italiane, Issues in Applied Linguistics, and Mediascape.[197] Many of these publications are available through open access. The School of Law publishes the UCLA Law Review which is currently ranked seventh among American law schools.[198]\nHousing[edit]\nMain article: UCLA student housing\nSproul Landing dorms above B-plate dining hall at Charles E Young and De Neve Drive.\nUCLA provides housing to over 10,000 undergraduate and 2,900 graduate students.[199]\nMost undergraduate students are housed in 14 complexes on the western side of campus, referred to by students as "The Hill". Students can live in halls, plazas, suites, or university apartments, which vary in pricing and privacy. Housing plans also offer students access to dining facilities, which have been ranked by the Princeton Review as some of the best in the United States.[200] Dining halls are located in Covel Commons, Rieber Hall, Carnesale Commons and De Neve Plaza. In winter 2012, a dining hall called The Feast at Rieber opened to students. The newest dining hall (as of Winter Quarter 2014) is Bruin Plate, located in the Carnesale Commons (commonly referred to as Sproul Plaza). Residential cafes include Bruin Cafe, Rendezvous, The Study at Hedrick, and Cafe 1919.[201] UCLA currently offers three years guaranteed housing to its incoming freshmen, and one year to incoming transfer students. There are four type of housing available for students: residential halls, deluxe residential halls, residential plazas, and residential suites. Available on the hill are study rooms, basketball courts, tennis courts, and Sunset Recreational Center which includes three swimming pools.\nGraduate students are housed in one of five apartment complexes. Weyburn Terrace is located just southwest of the campus in Westwood Village. The other four are roughly five miles south of UCLA in Palms and Mar Vista. They too vary in pricing and privacy.[202] Approximately 400 students live at the University Cooperative Housing Association, located two blocks off campus.[203]\nStudents who are involved in Greek life have the option to also live in Greek housing while at UCLA. Sorority houses are located east of campus on Hilgard Avenue, and fraternity houses are located west of campus throughout Westwood Village. A student usually lives with 50+ students in Greek housing.\nHospitality[edit]\nHospitality constituents of the university include departments not directly related to student life or administration. The Hospitality department manages the university\'s two on-campus hotels, the UCLA Guest House and the Meyer and Renee Luskin Conference Center. The 61-room Guest House services those visiting the university for campus-related activities.[204] The department also manages the UCLA Conference Center, a 40-acre (0.2 km2) conference center in the San Bernardino Mountains near Lake Arrowhead.[205] Hospitality also operates UCLA Catering,[206] a vending operation, and a summer conference center located on the Westwood campus.[207]\nChabad House[edit]\nThe UCLA Chabad House is a community center for Jewish students operated by the Orthodox Jewish Chabad movement. Established in 1969, it was the first Chabad House at a university.[208][209] In 1980, three students died in a fire in the original building of the UCLA Chabad House. The present building was erected in their memory. The building, completed in 1984, was the first of many Chabad houses worldwide designed as architectural reproductions of the residence of the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson at 770 Eastern Parkway in Brooklyn, New York.[208] The Chabad House hosts the UCLA chapter of The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute\'s Sinai Scholars Society.[210][211]\nHealthy Campus Initiative[edit]\nIn January 2013, Chancellor Gene Block launched the UCLA Healthy Campus Initiative (HCI), envisioned and supported by Jane and Terry Semel.[212] The Semel HCI prioritizes the health and wellness of UCLA students, staff, and faculty by "making the healthy choice the easy choice."[212] The goal of the initiative is to make UCLA the healthiest campus in the country, and to share best practices and research with other communities, locally and beyond.[213]\nThe initiative is a campuswide, multi-year effort that champions programs such as the tobacco-free policy,[214] expansion of campus gardens,[215] stairwell makeovers,[216] bicycle infrastructure improvements,[217] healthy and sustainable dining options,[218] and peer counseling,[219] among others.\nThe UCLA Healthy Campus Initiative is credited with providing inspiration for national initiatives including the Partnership for a Healthier America (PHA) Healthier Campus Initiative and the University of California Office of the President (UCOP) Global Food Initiative (GFI).[215][220] In November 2014, UCLA was one of the 20 inaugural colleges and universities to pledge to adopt PHA\'s guidelines for food and nutrition, physical activity and programming over three years.[220] The Semel HCI is a member of both the Menus of Change Research Collaborative[221] and the Teaching Kitchen Collaborative,[222] and a contributor to The Huffington Post.[223]\nFaculty and alumni[edit]\nFor a more comprehensive list, see List of University of California, Los Angeles people.\nNotable UCLA alumni include:\nKareem Abdul-Jabbar, NBA all-time scoring leader\nTroy Aikman, Pro Football Hall of Fame member\nSean Astin, actor\nSara Bareilles, Grammy Award-winning singer-songwriter\nTom Bradley, first African-American Mayor of Los Angeles\nCarol Burnett, Emmy Award-winning actress and comedienne\nFrancis Ford Coppola, Academy-Award winning filmmaker\nJames Franco, Academy Award-nominated actor\nKirsten Gillibrand, U.S. Senator from New York\nH.R. Haldeman, former White House Chief of Staff\nMichael Morhaime, co-founder of Blizzard Entertainment\nJim Morrison, lead singer of The Doors\nTim Robbins, Academy-Award winning actor\nJackie Robinson, first African-American player in the MLB\nBen Shapiro, conservative political commentator\nBill Walton, Basketball Hall of Fame member\nAs of October 2020, 25 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with UCLA: 11 professors,[18] 7 alumni and 10 researchers (three overlaps).[19]\nFaculty Nobel Prizes\nAndrea Ghez Physics 2020\nJames Fraser Stoddart[224] Chemistry 2016\nLloyd Shapley[225] Economic Sciences 2012\nLouis Ignarro[226] Physiology or Medicine 1998\nPaul Boyer[227] Chemistry 1997\nDonald Cram[228] Chemistry 1987\nJulian S. Schwinger[229] Physics 1965\nWillard Libby[230] Chemistry 1960\nTwo other faculty members winning the Nobel Prize were Bertrand Russell and Al Gore,[231] who each had a short stay at UCLA.\nThe alumni Nobel laureates include Richard Heck (Chemistry, 2010);[232] Elinor Ostrom (Economic Sciences, 2009);[233] and Randy Schekman (Physiology or Medicine, 2013).[234] Fifty-two UCLA professors have been awarded Guggenheim Fellowships, and eleven are MacArthur Foundation Fellows. Mathematics professor Terence Tao was awarded the 2006 Fields Medal.[235]\nFaculty memberships (2017)[236]\nAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences 129\nAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science 120\nAmerican Philosophical Society 17\nNational Academy of Education 16\nNational Academy of Engineering 30\nNational Academy of Inventors 4\nNational Academy of Medicine 39\nNational Academy of Sciences 50\nGeography professor Jared Diamond won the 1998 Pulitzer Prize for his book Guns, Germs, and Steel.[237] Two UCLA history professors have each won 2008 Pulitzer Prizes for general nonfiction and history. Saul Friedländer, noted scholar of the Nazi Holocaust, won the prize for general nonfiction for his 2006 book, The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945, and Daniel Walker Howe for his 2007 book, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848.\nA number of UCLA alumni are notable politicians. In the State of Hawaii, Ben Cayetano (\'68), became the first Filipino American to be elected Governor of a U.S. state.[238][239][240] In the U.S. House of Representatives, Henry Waxman (\'61, \'64) represented California\'s 30th congressional district and was Chairman of the House Energy and Commerce Committee.[241] U.S. Representative Judy Chu (\'74) represents California\'s 32nd congressional district and became the first Chinese American woman elected to the U.S. Congress in 2009.[242] Kirsten Gillibrand (\'91) is U.S. Senator from the State of New York and former U.S. Representative for New York\'s 20th congressional district.[243] UCLA boasts two Mayors of Los Angeles: Tom Bradley (1937–1940), the city\'s only African-American mayor, and Antonio Villaraigosa (\'77), who served as mayor from 2005 to 2013. Nao Takasugi was the mayor of Oxnard, California and the first Asian-American California assemblyman.\nH. R. Haldeman (\'48) and John Ehrlichman (\'48) are among the most infamous alumni because of their activities during the 1972 Watergate Scandal.\nBen Shapiro (BA \'04) is an American conservative political commentator, nationally syndicated columnist, author, radio talk show host, and attorney. He is the editor-in-chief at The Daily Wire.[244]\nMichael Morhaime (BA \'90), Allen Adham (BA \'90) and Frank Pearce (BA \'90) are the founders of Blizzard Entertainment, developer of the award-winning Warcraft, StarCraft and Diablo computer game franchises. Tom Anderson (MA \'00) is a co-founder of the social networking website Myspace. Computer scientist Vint Cerf (\'70, \'72) is vice president and Chief Internet Evangelist at Google and the person most widely considered the "father of the Internet."[245] Henry Samueli (\'75) is co-founder of Broadcom Corporation and owner of the Anaheim Ducks. Susan Wojcicki (MBA \'98) is the CEO of YouTube. Travis Kalanick is one of the founders of Uber. Guy Kawasaki (MBA \'79) is one of the earliest employees at Apple. Nathan Myhrvold is the founder of Microsoft Research.\nBill Gross (MBA \'71) co-founded Pacific Investment Management (PIMCO). Laurence Fink (BA \'74, MBA \'76) is chairman and CEO of the world\'s largest money-management firm BlackRock. Donald Prell (BA \'48) is a venture capitalist and founder of Datamation computer magazine. Ben Horowitz (MS \'90) is a co-founder of the Silicon Valley venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz.\nUCLA alumni have also achieved prominence in the arts and entertainment. John Williams is laureate conductor at the Boston Pops Orchestra and Academy Award-winning composer of the Star Wars film score. Martin Sherwin (\'71) was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Actors Ben Stiller, Tim Robbins, James Franco, George Takei, Mayim Bialik, Sean Astin, Holland Roden, Danielle Panabaker, and Milo Ventimiglia are also UCLA alumni. Popular music artists Sara Bareilles, The Doors, Linkin Park, and Maroon 5 all attended UCLA. Ryan Dusick of Maroon 5 majored in English. Giada De Laurentiis is a program host at Food Network and former chef at Spago. Greg Graffin, lead singer of punk rock band Bad Religion, earned a master\'s degree in Geology at UCLA, and used to teach a course on evolution there.[246] Carol Burnett was the winner of the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor in 2013 (also winner of Emmys, a Peabody and a Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2005).[247] Francis Ford Coppola (\'67) was the director of the gangster film trilogy The Godfather, The Outsiders starring Tom Cruise, and the Vietnam War film Apocalypse Now and Dustin Lance Black is the Academy Award-winning screenwriter of the film Milk.[248]\nMeb Keflezighi (\'98) is the winner of the 2014 Boston Marathon and the 2004 Olympic silver medalist in the marathon. The UCLA men\'s basketball team has produced Basketball Hall of Fame players such as Bill Walton and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar as well as current NBA players Kevin Love and Russell Westbrook. Noted Bruins baseball players include Troy Glaus, Chase Utley, Brandon Crawford, Gerrit Cole, and Trevor Bauer. Los Angeles Dodgers manager Dave Roberts won World Series titles as a member of the 2004 Boston Red Sox and in 2020 as manager of the Dodgers.\nUCLA also boasts an excellent military background, with hundreds of alumni serving their nation. Carlton Skinner was a U.S. Coast Guard Commander who racially integrated that service at the end of World War II on the Sea Cloud. He was also the first civilian governor of Guam. Francis B. Wai is, to date, the only Chinese-American and the first Asian-American to be awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for his actions in World War II. UCLA also lost an alumnus in early 2007 when Second Lieutenant Mark Daily was killed in Mosul, Iraq after his HMMWV was hit by an IED. Lieutenant Daily\'s service is marked by a plaque located on the northern face of the Student Activities Center (SAC), where the ROTC halls are currently located.\nUCLA\'s faculty and alumni have won a number of awards including:[249]\n105 Academy Awards\n278 Emmy Awards\n1 Fields Medal\n3 Turing Awards\n11 Fulbright Scholars (since 2000)\n78 Guggenheim Fellows[250]\n50 Grammy Awards\n12 MacArthur Fellows\n1 Mark Twain Prize for American Humor\n10 National Medals of Science\n13 Nobel Laureates\n3 Presidential Medals of Freedom\n1 Pritzker Prize in Architecture\n3 Pulitzer Prizes\n1 Rome Prize in Design\n12 Rhodes Scholars\n1 Medal of Honor\n2 Mitchell Scholars\nAs of August 1, 2016, the top three places where UCLA alumni work are Kaiser Permanente with 1,459+ alumni, UCLA Health with 1,127+ alumni, and Google with 1,058+ alumni.[251]\nSee also[edit]\n2019 college admissions bribery scandal\nReferences[edit]\n This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Coast Guard.\n^\na b c Dundjerski, Marina (2011). 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Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved August 2, 2016.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to University of California, Los Angeles.\nOfficial website\nUCLA Athletics website\nImage of UCLA on a zoning map of Los Angeles, 1927. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.\nshow\nvte\nUniversity of California, Los Angeles\nshow\nLinks to related articles\n\n\n\n\nAuthority control\nBIBSYS: 90068274 BNC: 000038135 BNE: XX126145 BNF: cb11868045t (data) CANTIC: a10172014 CiNii: DA00745011 GND: 2045111-8 ISNI: 0000 0000 9632 6718, 0000 0001 2167 8097 LCCN: n79046090 MA: 161318765 NDL: 00286512 NKC: ko2007248386 NLA: 35024836 NLI: 000135113 NLP: A26614984 NSK: 000117473 PLWABN: 9810560505105606 RERO: 02-A010035129 SELIBR: 134275 SNAC: w61g4fv2 SUDOC: 026431777 ULAN: 500302155 VcBA: 494/2890 VIAF: 122477083 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n79046090', 'num_links': 2764, 'num_images': 54, 'last_edited': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 26, 7, 11)}, {'title': 'John J. B. Wilson', 'description': 'For other uses, see John Wilson.\nJohn J. B. Wilson\nWilson at 29th Golden Raspberry Awards\nBorn May 24, 1954 (age 67)\nChicago, Illinois, U.S.\nOther names John J.B. Wilson, John Wilson, Ye Olde Head Raspberry[1]\nAlma mater University of California, Los Angeles\nOccupation Copywriter, publicist\nKnown for Founder of the Golden Raspberry Awards\nSpouse(s) Barbara Wilson\nChildren 1\nWebsite razzies.com\nJohn J. B. Wilson (born May 24, 1954) is an American copywriter and publicist. He majored in film and television at University of California, Los Angeles, and after graduation worked on film marketing campaigns.\nWilson is the co-founder of the Golden Raspberry Awards (also known as the Razzies) along with Mo Murphy, an annual ceremony dedicated to "honoring" the worst in film. In 1981, while hosting a potluck dinner at his house on the night of the Academy Awards, Wilson invited his friends to give impromptu award presentations in his living room. The following year, Los Angeles Daily News covered the event, the 1st Golden Raspberry Awards, and from behind a cardboard podium Wilson announced the Village People feature film Can\'t Stop the Music as the first Razzie Award for Worst Picture. Attendance doubled at Razzie award ceremonies in the following years, and by the 4th Golden Raspberry Awards the event received coverage from CNN and two major news wires. Wilson has retained an active role in the awards, and is referred to as the "Head Razzberry". His book The Official Razzie Movie Guide was published in 2005 for the 25th anniversary of the Razzie Awards.\nContents\n1 Early life and family\n2 Golden Raspberry Awards\n3 Works\n4 See also\n5 References\n5.1 Sources\n6 External links\nEarly life and family[edit]\nWilson grew up in Chicago, Illinois, and moved with his parents to Santa Monica, California, at age 9.[2] Wilson claims that his parents were raised during the Great Depression and "movies meant a lot to them." Wilson also stated that he acquired a "real sense of the value of movies and an appreciation of them" from his parents[3] At a young age he would skip school in order to watch the Academy Awards from the bleachers.[2] He attended University of California, Los Angeles, majoring in film and television.[2] While attending college, he managed the Fox Theater, Westwood Village.[2] After graduating UCLA, Wilson obtained a position working on marketing campaigns for movies and as a copywriter for a sponsor of the Los Angeles Film Festival, and watched over 200 movies per year in this capacity.[2][4] In 2005, Wilson stated that he still worked in film marketing,[2] and also worked on film trailers.[5] His marketing work has included publicity for the Academy Awards: "When they found out that I did the Razzies, they looked at me like I was a spy," said Wilson to The Blade.[6]\nAs of 2005, Wilson lives in Cerritos, California with his wife Barbara. They have one son.[2]\nGolden Raspberry Awards[edit]\nWilson traditionally held pot luck dinner parties at his house in Los Angeles on the night of the Academy Awards.[7] In 1981, after the 53rd Academy Awards had completed for the evening, Wilson invited friends to give random award presentations in his living room.[2][7] The impromptu ceremony was a success, and the following week a press release about his event released by Wilson was picked up by a few local newspapers, including a mention in the Los Angeles Daily News with the headline: "Take These Envelopes, Please".[2][4][7] Wilson decided to formalize the event, after watching a double feature of Can\'t Stop the Music and Xanadu.[8] He gathered his friends for a pot luck dinner to watch the 53rd Academy Awards, and gave them ballots to vote on worst in film.[8] Wilson stood at a podium made of cardboard in a tacky tuxedo, with a foam ball attached to a broomstick as a fake microphone, and announced Can\'t Stop the Music as the first Razzie Award for Worst Picture.[4][8]\nJohn Wilson at 28th Golden Raspberry Awards (2008)\nThe term raspberry is used in its irreverent sense, as in "blowing a raspberry".[9] Wilson commented to the author of Blame It on the Dog: "When I registered the term with the Library of Congress in 1980, they asked me, \'Why raspberry? What\'s the significance of that?\' But since then, razz has pretty much permeated the culture. We couldn\'t have done it without Hollywood\'s help."[9] Wilson is referred to as "Ye Olde Head Razzberry".[10] The ceremony\'s program is modeled after the Academy Awards, but is "deliberately low-end and tacky".[7] The awards themselves typically cost US$4.79 each, in the form of a "golfball-sized raspberry" which sits atop a Super 8 mm film reel; the whole of which is spray-painted gold.[9][11][12]\nApproximately three dozen people came to the 1st Golden Raspberry Awards.[4] The 2nd Golden Raspberry Awards had double the attendance as the first, and the 3rd awards ceremony had double this number.[4] By the 4th Golden Raspberry Awards ceremony, CNN and two major wire services covered the event.[7] Wilson realized that by scheduling the Golden Raspberry Awards prior to the Academy Awards, the ceremony would get more press coverage: "We finally figured out you couldn\'t compete with the Oscars on Oscar night, but if you went the night before, when the press from all over the world are here and they are looking for something to do, it could well catch on," he said to BBC News.[7]\nWilson\'s book The Official Razzie Movie Guide was published in 2005 to mark the 25th anniversary of the awards;[13] he had previously authored Everything I Know I Learned at the Movies in 1996.[14] In addition to Razzie winners, The Official Razzie Movie Guide also includes Wilson\'s "100 favorites among the Worst Movies Ever Made".[13]\nWorks[edit]\nWilson, John J. B. (1996). Everything I Know I Learned at the Movies: A Compilation of Cliches and Un-Truisms Gleaned from a Lifetime Spent Entirely Too Much in the Dark. General Publishing Group, Incorporated. ISBN 1-881649-64-4.\nWilson, John (2005). The Official Razzie Movie Guide: Enjoying the Best of Hollywood\'s Worst. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 0-446-69334-0.\nSee also[edit]\n1st Golden Raspberry Awards\nGolden Raspberry Award\nReferences[edit]\n^ Crouse, Richard (2005). Reel Winners: Movie Award Trivia. Dundurn Press Ltd. pp. 103, 208. ISBN 1-55002-574-0.\n^\na b c d e f g h i Larsen, Peter (January 20, 2005). "The Morning Read – So bad, they\'re almost good – A love of movies lies behind the Razzies". The Orange County Register. p. 1.\n^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6392701.stm\n^\na b c d e Marder, Jenny (February 26, 2005). "Razzin\' The Dregs of Hollywood Dreck – Film: Cerritos\' John Wilson Marks His Golden Raspberry Awards\' 25th Year With A Guide To Cinematic Slumming". Long Beach Press-Telegram. p. A1.\n^ English 2005, p. 101\n^ Borrelli, Christopher (February 23, 2005). "The Golden Raspberries: 25 years of the worst movies". The Blade. p. D1.\n^\na b c d e f Lindrea, Victoria (February 25, 2007). "Blowing raspberries at Tinseltown". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved May 4, 2009.\n^\na b c Germain, David (Associated Press) (February 26, 2005). "25 Years of Razzing Hollywood\'s Stinkers". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Sun-Sentinel Company. p. 7D.\n^\na b c Dawson 2006, pp. 48–50\n^ Crouse 2005, p. 208\n^ Agence France-Presse staff (February 22, 2009). "\'Love Guru\', Paris Hilton are top of the flops". Agence France-Presse.\n^ Crouse 2005, p. 103\n^\na b Steelman, Ben (January 20, 2005). "Ben on Film – All that razz: Getting ready for the Razzies, the \'awards\' that celebrate the worst films, and actors, of the year". Wilmington Star-News. p. 22.\n^ Wilson, John J. B. (1996). Everything I Know I Learned at the Movies: A Compilation of Cliches and Un-Truisms Gleaned from a Lifetime Spent Entirely Too Much in the Dark. General Publishing Group, Incorporated. ISBN 1-881649-64-4.\nSources[edit]\nCrouse, Richard (2005). Reel Winners: Movie Award Trivia. Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 208. ISBN 1-55002-574-0.\nDawson, Jim (2006). Blame it on the dog: a modern history of the fart. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 1-58008-751-5.\nEnglish, James F. (2005). The economy of prestige: prizes, awards, and the circulation of cultural value. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01884-2.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to John J.B. Wilson.\nJohn J. B. Wilson at IMDb\nhide\nvte\nGolden Raspberry Awards\nHistory\nJohn J. B. Wilson The Official Razzie Movie Guide List of people who have accepted Golden Raspberry Awards\nCurrent awards\nWorst Picture Worst Director Worst Actor Worst Actress Worst Supporting Actor Worst Supporting Actress Worst Screenplay Worst Screen Combo Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel The Razzie Redeemer Award\nRetired awards\nWorst Musical Score Worst Original Song Worst New Star\nAward\nceremonies\n1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nCategory\nFilm portal\nAuthority control\nISNI: 0000 0000 7973 9860 LCCN: n2004031424 VIAF: 41229811 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n2004031424', 'num_links': 335, 'num_images': 8, 'last_edited': datetime.datetime(2021, 2, 1, 12, 41)}, {'title': 'Academy Awards', 'description': '"Oscars" and "The Oscar" redirect here. For other uses, see Oscar.\nAcademy Awards\nCurrent: 93rd Academy Awards\nThe Academy Award statuette (the "Oscar")\nAwarded for Excellence in the American and International film industry\nCountry United States\nPresented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences\nFirst awarded May 16, 1929; 92 years ago\nWebsite abc.com/shows/oscars\nThe Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars,[1] are awards for artistic and technical merit in the film industry. They are regarded as one of the most significant and prestigious awards in the entertainment industry.[2][3] Given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), the awards are an international recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements, as assessed by the Academy\'s voting membership. The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette as a trophy, officially called the "Academy Award of Merit", although more commonly referred to by its nickname, the "Oscar". The statuette depicts a knight rendered in the Art Deco style.\nThe award was originally sculpted by George Stanley from a design sketch by Cedric Gibbons.[4] AMPAS first presented it in 1929 at a private dinner hosted by Douglas Fairbanks in The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in what would become known as the 1st Academy Awards.[5][6] The Academy Awards ceremony was first broadcast by radio in 1930 and was televised for the first time in 1953. It is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and is now televised live worldwide.[7] It is also the oldest of the four major annual American entertainment awards; its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music – are modeled after the Academy Awards.[8] They are widely cited as the most famous and prestigious competitive awards in the field of entertainment.\nThe 93rd Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2020 and of early 2021, was held on April 25, 2021, (after it was postponed from its original February 28, 2021, schedule due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema). As with the two previous ceremonies, there was no host. The ceremony was broadcast on ABC. It took place at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles, California, for the 19th consecutive year. Additionally, satellite location took place at the Union Station also in Los Angeles.[9] A total of 3,140 Oscar statuettes have been awarded since its inception in 1929.[10]\nMost recent Academy Award winners\n← 2019 Best in films in 2020/2021 2021 →\n Award Best Actor Best Actress\nWinner Anthony Hopkins\n(The Father) Frances McDormand\n(Nomadland)\n Award Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress\nWinner Daniel Kaluuya\n(Judas and the Black Messiah) Youn Yuh-jung\n(Minari)\n Award Best Director Best Original Screenplay\nWinner Chloé Zhao\n(Nomadland) Emerald Fennell\n(Promising Young Woman)\nPrevious Best Picture\nParasite\nBest Picture\nNomadland\nContents\n1 History\n1.1 Milestones\n2 Oscar statuette\n2.1 Academy Award of Merit (Oscar statuette)\n2.2 Naming\n2.3 Engraving\n2.4 Ownership of Oscar statuettes\n2.5 Other awards presented by the Academy\n3 Nomination\n3.1 Voters\n3.2 Rules\n4 Awards ceremonies\n4.1 Telecast\n4.2 TV ratings\n4.3 Archive\n5 Venues\n6 Awards of Merit categories\n6.1 Current categories\n6.2 Discontinued categories\n6.3 Proposed categories\n7 Special categories\n7.1 Current special categories\n7.2 Discontinued special categories\n8 Criticism\n8.1 Accusations of commercialism\n8.2 Accusations of bias\n8.3 Allegations of a lack of diversity\n8.4 Symbolism or sentimentalization\n8.5 Recognition of streaming media film\n8.6 Refusals of the award\n8.7 Disqualifications\n9 Associated events\n10 Presenter and performer gifts\n11 Television ratings and advertisement prices\n12 Trademark\n13 See also\n14 Footnotes\n15 References\n16 Further reading\n17 External links\nHistory[edit]\nThe first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16, 1929, at a private dinner function at The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people.[11]\nThe post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel.[7] The cost of guest tickets for that night\'s ceremony was $5 ($75 at 2020 prices). Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the film-making industry of the time, for their works during the 1927–28 period. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes.\nWinners were announced to media three months earlier. That was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11:00 pm on the night of the awards.[7] This method was used until 1940, when the Los Angeles Times announced the winners before the ceremony began; as a result, the Academy has, since 1941, used a sealed envelope to reveal the names of the winners.[7]\nMilestones[edit]\nThe first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. He had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier; this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. At that time, winners were recognized for the entirety of their work done in a certain category during the qualifying period; for example, Jannings received the award for two movies in which he starred during that period, and Janet Gaynor later won a single Oscar for performances in three films. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, and professionals were honored for a specific performance in a single film. For the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years.[7]\nAt the 29th ceremony, held in 1957, the Best Foreign Language Film category, now known as Best International Feature Film, was introduced. Until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award.\nPerhaps the most widely seen streaker in history was 34-year-old Robert Opel, who streaked across the stage of The Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles flashing a peace sign on national US television at the 46th Academy Awards in 1974. Bemused host David Niven quipped, "Isn\'t it fascinating to think that probably the only laugh that man will ever get in his life is by stripping off and showing his shortcomings?" Later, evidence arose suggesting that Opel\'s appearance was facilitated as a publicity stunt by the show\'s producer Jack Haley Jr. Robert Metzler, the show\'s business manager, believed that the incident had been planned in some way; during the dress rehearsal Niven had asked Metzler\'s wife to borrow a pen so he could write down the famous line, which was thus not the ad-lib it appeared to be.[12]\nThe 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.[13]\nFrom 1973 to 2020, all Academy Awards ceremonies have ended with the Academy Award for Best Picture. For 2021, this tradition was broken as the ceremony ended with the Academy Award for Best Actor.\nTraditionally, the previous year\'s winner for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor present the awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress, while the previous year\'s winner for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress present the awards for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor.\nParasite became the first foreign-language film to win Best Picture at the February 9, 2020, award ceremony.[14]\nTom Hanks announced at the 2020 Oscar Ceremony, the opening of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures on December 14, 2020.[15] The museum development started in 2017 under Kerry Brougher, but is now led by Bill Kramer.[16] The industry curated exhibits will be geared toward the history of motion picture, the art & science of film making, exhibiting trailblazing directors, actors, film makers, sound editors and more, and will house famous artifacts from acclaimed movies like Dorothy\'s Ruby Red Slippers.\nBecause of COVID-19, Academy president David Rubin and CEO Dawn Hudson announced that for the 2021 Oscar Ceremony, streaming movies not shown in theaters would be eligible, though at some point the requirement that movies be shown in theaters would return.[17]\nOscar statuette[edit]\nAcademy Award of Merit (Oscar statuette)[edit]\nSee also: § Awards of Merit categories\nThe best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette.[10] Made of gold-plated bronze on a black metal base, it is 13.5 in (34.3 cm) tall, weighs 8.5 lb (3.856 kg), and depicts a knight rendered in Art Deco style holding a crusader\'s sword standing on a reel of film with five spokes. The five spokes represent the original branches of the Academy: Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers, and Technicians.[18]\nPlaster War-time Oscar plaque (1943), State Central Museum of Cinema, Moscow (ru)\nSculptor George Stanley (who also did the Muse Fountain at the Hollywood Bowl) sculpted Cedric Gibbons\' design. The statuettes presented at the initial ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze. Within a few years, the bronze was abandoned in favor of Britannia metal, a pewter-like alloy which is then plated in copper, nickel silver, and finally, 24-karat gold.[10] Due to a metal shortage during World War II, Oscars were made of painted plaster for three years. Following the war, the Academy invited recipients to redeem the plaster figures for gold-plated metal ones.[19] The only addition to the Oscar since it was created is a minor streamlining of the base. The original Oscar mold was cast in 1928 at the C.W. Shumway & Sons Foundry in Batavia, Illinois, which also contributed to casting the molds for the Vince Lombardi Trophy and Emmy Award\'s statuettes. From 1983 to 2015,[20] approximately 50 Oscars in a tin alloy with gold plating were made each year in Chicago by Illinois manufacturer R.S. Owens & Company.[21] It would take between three and four weeks to manufacture 50 statuettes.[22] In 2016, the Academy returned to bronze as the core metal of the statuettes, handing manufacturing duties to Walden, New York-based Polich Tallix Fine Art Foundry.[23][24] While based on a digital scan of an original 1929 Oscar, the statuettes retain their modern-era dimensions and black pedestal. Cast in liquid bronze from 3D-printed ceramic molds and polished, they are then electroplated in 24-karat gold by Brooklyn, New York–based Epner Technology. The time required to produce 50 such statuettes is roughly three months.[25] R.S. Owens is expected to continue producing other awards for the Academy and service existing Oscars that need replating.[26]\nNaming[edit]\nThe Academy officially adopted the name "Oscar" for the trophies in 1939. However, the origin of the nickname is disputed.[27]\nOne biography of Bette Davis, who was a president of the Academy in 1941, claims she named the award after her first husband, band leader Harmon Oscar Nelson. A frequently mentioned originator is Margaret Herrick, the Academy executive secretary, who, when she first saw the award in 1931, said the statuette reminded her of "Uncle Oscar", a nickname for her cousin Oscar Pierce.[28]\nColumnist Sidney Skolsky, who was present during Herrick\'s naming in 1931, wrote that "Employees have affectionately dubbed their famous statuette \'Oscar.\'"[29] The Academy credits Skolsky with "the first confirmed newspaper reference" to Oscar in his column on March 16, 1934, which was written about that year\'s 6th Academy Awards.[30] The 1934 awards appeared again in another early media mention of Oscar: a Time magazine story.[31] In the ceremonies that year, Walt Disney was the first to thank the Academy for his "Oscar" during his acceptance speech.[32]\nEngraving[edit]\nTo prevent information identifying the Oscar winners from leaking ahead of the ceremony, Oscar statuettes presented at the ceremony have blank baseplates. Until 2010, winners returned their statuettes to the Academy and had to wait several weeks to have their names inscribed on their respective Oscars. Since 2010, winners have had the option of having engraved nameplates applied to their statuettes at an inscription-processing station at the Governor\'s Ball, a party held immediately after the Oscar ceremony. The R.S. Owens company has engraved nameplates made before the ceremony, bearing the name of every potential winner. The nameplates for the non-winning nominees are later recycled.[33][34]\nOwnership of Oscar statuettes[edit]\nPrior to 1950 Oscar statuettes were (and remain) the property of the recipient.[35] Since then the statuettes have been legally encumbered by the requirement that the statuette be first offered for sale back to the Academy for US$1. If a winner refuses to agree to this stipulation, then the Academy keeps the statuette. Academy Awards predating this agreement have been sold in public auctions and private deals for six-figure sums.[36]\nIn 1989 Michael Todd\'s grandson tried to sell Todd\'s Best Picture Oscar for his 1956 production of Around the World in 80 Days to a movie prop collector. The Academy earned enforcement of its statuette contract by gaining a permanent injunction against the sale.\nIn 1992, Harold Russell consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for The Best Years of Our Lives to auction in order to raise money for his wife\'s medical expenses. Though his decision caused controversy, the first-ever Oscar to be sold passed to a private collector on August 6, 1992 for $60,500 ($111,600 today). Russell defended his action, saying, "I don\'t know why anybody would be critical. My wife\'s health is much more important than sentimental reasons. The movie will be here, even if Oscar isn\'t." .[37]\nIn December 2011, Orson Welles\' 1941 Oscar for Citizen Kane (Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay) was put up for auction, after his heirs won a 2004 court decision contending that Welles did not sign any agreement to return the statue to the Academy.[38] On December 20, 2011, it sold in an online auction for US$861,542 ($991,200 today).[39]\nSome buyers have subsequently returned the statuettes to the Academy, which keeps them in its treasury.[36]\nOther awards presented by the Academy[edit]\nSee also: § Special categories\nIn addition to the Academy Award of Merit (Oscar award), there are nine honorary (non-competitive) awards presented by the Academy from time to time (except for the Academy Honorary Award, the Technical Achievement Award, and the Student Academy Awards, which are presented annually):[40]\nGovernors Awards:\nThe Academy Honorary Award (annual) (which may or may not be in the form of an Oscar statuette);\nThe Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award (since 1938) (in the form of a bust of Thalberg);\nThe Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award (since 1957) (in the form of an Oscar statuette);\nThe Academy Scientific and Technical Awards:\nAcademy Award of Merit (non-competitive) (in the form of an Oscar statuette);\nScientific and Engineering Award (in the form of a bronze tablet);\nTechnical Achievement Award (annual) (in the form of a certificate);\nThe John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation (since 1978) (in the form of a medal);\nThe Gordon E. Sawyer Award (since 1982); and\nThe Academy Student Academy Awards (annual).\nThe Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting.\nNomination[edit]\nSince 2004, Academy Award nomination results have been announced to the public in mid-January. Prior to that, the results were announced in early February. In 2021, the nominees are announced in March.\nVoters[edit]\nThe Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), a professional honorary organization, maintains a voting membership of over 7,000 as of 2018.[41]\nAcademy membership is divided into different branches, with each representing a different discipline in film production. Actors constitute the largest voting bloc, numbering 1,311 members (22 percent) of the Academy\'s composition. Votes have been certified by the auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers (and its predecessor Price Waterhouse) since the 7th Academy Awards in 1935. The firm mails the ballots of eligible nominees to members of the Academy in December to reflect the previous eligible year with a due date sometime in January of the next year, then tabulates the votes in a process that takes thousands of hours.[42][43][44]\nAll AMPAS members must be invited to join by the Board of Governors, on behalf of Academy Branch Executive Committees. Membership eligibility may be achieved by a competitive nomination or a member may submit a name based on other significant contributions to the field of motion pictures.\nNew membership proposals are considered annually. The Academy does not publicly disclose its membership, although as recently as 2007 press releases have announced the names of those who have been invited to join. The 2007 release also stated that it has just under 6,000 voting members. While the membership had been growing, stricter policies have kept its size steady since then.[45]\nIn 2012, the results of a study conducted by the Los Angeles Times were published describing the demographic breakdown of approximately 88% of AMPAS\' voting membership. Of the 5,100+ active voters confirmed, 94% were Caucasian, 77% were male, and 54% were found to be over the age of 60. 33% of voting members are former nominees (14%) and winners (19%).[46]\nIn May 2011, the Academy sent a letter advising its 6,000 or so voting members that an online system for Oscar voting would be implemented in 2013.[47]\nRules[edit]\nAccording to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules, a film must open in the previous calendar year, from midnight at the start of January 1 to midnight at the end of December 31, in Los Angeles County, California, and play for seven consecutive days, to qualify (except for the Best International Feature Film, Best Documentary Feature, and awards in short film categories). Additionally, the film must be shown at least three times on each day of its qualifying run, with at least one of the daily showings starting between 6 pm and 10 pm local time.[48][49]\nFor example, the 2009 Best Picture winner, The Hurt Locker, was actually first released in 2008, but did not qualify for the 2008 awards, as it did not play its Oscar-qualifying run in Los Angeles until mid-2009, thus qualifying for the 2009 awards. Foreign films must include English subtitles, and each country can submit only one film for consideration in the International Feature Film category per year.[50]\nRule 2 states that a film must be feature-length, defined as a minimum of 40 minutes, except for short-subject awards, and it must exist either on a 35 mm or 70 mm film print or in 24 frame/s or 48 frame/s progressive scan digital cinema format with a minimum projector resolution of 2048 by 1080 pixels.[51] Since the 90th Academy Awards, presented in 2018, multi-part and limited series have been ineligible for the Best Documentary Feature award. This followed the win of O.J.: Made in America, an eight-hour presentation that was screened in a limited release before being broadcast in five parts on ABC and ESPN, in that category in 2017. The Academy\'s announcement of the new rule made no direct mention of that film.[52]\nThe Best International Feature Film award does not require a U.S. release. It requires the film to be submitted as its country\'s official selection.\nThe Best Documentary Feature award requires either week-long releases in both Los Angeles County and New York City[a] during the previous calendar year, or a qualifying award at a competitive film festival from the Documentary Feature Qualifying Festival list (regardless of any public exhibition or distribution), or a submission in the International Feature Film category as its country\'s official selection. The qualifying theatrical runs must meet the same requirements as those for non-documentary films regarding numbers and times of screenings. Additionally, a film must have been reviewed by a critic from The New York Times, Time Out New York, the Los Angeles Times, or LA Weekly.[54]\nProducers must submit an Official Screen Credits online form before the deadline; in case it is not submitted by the defined deadline, the film will be ineligible for Academy Awards in any year. The form includes the production credits for all related categories. Then, each form is checked and put in a Reminder List of Eligible Releases.\nAwards in short film categories (Best Documentary Short Subject, Best Animated Short Film, and Best Live Action Short Film) have noticeably different eligibility rules from most other competitive awards. First, the qualifying period for release does not coincide with a calendar year, instead covering a one-year period starting on October 1 and ending on September 30 of the calendar year before the ceremony. Second, there are multiple methods of qualification. The main method is a week-long theatrical release in either Los Angeles County or New York City during the eligibility period. Films also can qualify by winning specified awards at one of a number of competitive film festivals designated by the Academy, also without regard to prior public distribution. Finally, a film that is selected as a gold, silver, or bronze medal winner in an appropriate category of the immediately previous Student Academy Awards is also eligible (Documentary category for that award, and Animation, Narrative, Alternative, or International for the other awards). The requirements for the qualifying theatrical run are also different from those for other awards. Only one screening per day is required. For the Documentary award, the screening must start between noon and 10 pm local time; for other awards, no specific start time is required, but the film must appear in regular theater listings with dates and screening times.[54][55] In late December, ballots, and copies of the Reminder List of Eligible Releases are mailed to around 6,000 active members. For most categories, members from each of the branches vote to determine the nominees only in their respective categories (i.e. only directors vote for directors, writers for writers, actors for actors, etc.). In the special case of Best Picture, all voting members are eligible to select the nominees. In all major categories, a variant of the single transferable vote is used, with each member casting a ballot with up to five nominees (ten for Best Picture) ranked preferentially.[56][57][58] In certain categories, including International Feature Film, Documentary and Animated Feature, nominees are selected by special screening committees made up of members from all branches.\nIn most categories, the winner is selected from among the nominees by plurality voting of all members.[56][58] Since 2009, the Best Picture winner has been chosen by instant runoff voting.[58][59] Since 2013, re-weighted range voting has been used to select the nominees for the Best Visual Effects.[60][61]\nFilm companies will spend as much as several million dollars on marketing to awards voters for a movie in the running for Best Picture, in attempts to improve chances of receiving Oscars and other movie awards conferred in Oscar season. The Academy enforces rules to limit overt campaigning by its members so as to try to eliminate excesses and prevent the process from becoming undignified. It has an awards czar on staff who advises members on allowed practices and levies penalties on offenders.[62] For example, a producer of the 2009 Best Picture nominee The Hurt Locker was disqualified as a producer in the category when he contacted associates urging them to vote for his film and not another that was seen as the front-runner (The Hurt Locker eventually won).\nAwards ceremonies[edit]\nSee also: List of Academy Awards ceremonies\nTelecast[edit]\n31st Academy Awards Presentations,\nPantages Theatre, Hollywood, 1959\n81st Academy Awards Presentations,\nDolby Theatre, Hollywood, 2009\nThe major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony, commonly in late February or early March following the relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. It is the culmination of the film awards season, which usually begins during November or December of the previous year. This is an elaborate extravaganza, with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers of the day. Black tie dress is the most common outfit for men, although fashion may dictate not wearing a bow-tie, and musical performers sometimes do not adhere to this. (The artists who recorded the nominees for Best Original Song quite often perform those songs live at the awards ceremony, and the fact that they are performing is often used to promote the television broadcast.)\nThe Academy Awards is the world\'s longest-running awards show televised live from the U.S. to all time zones in North America and worldwide, and gathers billions of viewers elsewhere throughout the world.[63] The Oscars were first televised in 1953 by NBC, which continued to broadcast the event until 1960, when ABC took over, televising the festivities (including the first color broadcast of the event in 1966) through 1970. NBC regained the rights for five years (1971–75), then ABC resumed broadcast duties in 1976 and its current contract with the Academy runs through 2028.[64] The Academy has also produced condensed versions of the ceremony for broadcast in international markets (especially those outside of the Americas) in more desirable local timeslots. The ceremony was broadcast live internationally for the first time via satellite since 1970, but only two South American countries, Chile and Brazil, purchased the rights to air the broadcast. By that time, the television rights to the Academy Awards had been sold in 50 countries. A decade later, the rights were already being sold to 60 countries, and by 1984, the TV rights to the Awards were licensed in 76 countries.\nThe ceremonies were moved up from late March/early April to late February, since 2004, to help disrupt and shorten the intense lobbying and ad campaigns associated with Oscar season in the film industry. Another reason was because of the growing TV ratings success coinciding with the NCAA Basketball Tournament, which would cut into the Academy Awards audience. (In 1976 and 1977, ABC\'s regained Oscars were moved from Tuesday to Monday and went directly opposite NBC\'s NCAA title game.) The earlier date is also to the advantage of ABC, as it now usually occurs during the highly profitable and important February sweeps period. Some years, the ceremony is moved into the first Sunday of March to avoid a clash with the Winter Olympic Games. Another reason for the move to late February and early March is also to avoid the awards ceremony occurring so close to the religious holidays of Passover and Easter, which for decades had been a grievance from members and the general public.[65] Advertising is somewhat restricted, however, as traditionally no movie studios or competitors of official Academy Award sponsors may advertise during the telecast. The production of the Academy Awards telecast currently holds the distinction of winning the most Emmys in history, with 47 wins and 195 nominations overall since that award\'s own launch in 1949.[66]\nAfter many years of being held on Mondays at 9:00 pm Eastern/6:00 p.m Pacific, since the 1999 ceremonies, it was moved to Sundays at 8:30 pm ET/5:30 pm PT.[67] The reasons given for the move were that more viewers would tune in on Sundays, that Los Angeles rush-hour traffic jams could be avoided, and an earlier start time would allow viewers on the East Coast to go to bed earlier.[68] For many years the film industry opposed a Sunday broadcast because it would cut into the weekend box office.[69] In 2010, the Academy contemplated moving the ceremony even further back into January, citing TV viewers\' fatigue with the film industry\'s long awards season. However, such an accelerated schedule would dramatically decrease the voting period for its members, to the point where some voters would only have time to view the contending films streamed on their computers (as opposed to traditionally receiving the films and ballots in the mail). Furthermore, a January ceremony on Sunday would clash with National Football League playoff games.[70] In 2018, the Academy announced that the ceremony would be moved from late February to mid February beginning with the 92nd Academy Awards in 2020.[71]\nOriginally scheduled for April 8, 1968, the 40th Academy Awards ceremony was postponed for two days, because of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.. On March 30, 1981, the 53rd Academy Awards was postponed for one day, after the shooting of President Ronald Reagan and others in Washington, D.C.[72]\nIn 1993, an In Memoriam segment was introduced,[73] honoring those who had made a significant contribution to cinema who had died in the preceding 12 months, a selection compiled by a small committee of Academy members.[74] This segment has drawn criticism over the years for the omission of some names. Criticism was also levied for many years regarding another aspect, with the segment having a "popularity contest" feel as the audience varied their applause to those who had died by the subject\'s cultural impact; the applause has since been muted during the telecast, and the audience is discouraged from clapping during the segment and giving silent reflection instead. This segment was later followed by a commercial break.\nIn terms of broadcast length, the ceremony generally averages three and a half hours. The first Oscars, in 1929, lasted 15 minutes. At the other end of the spectrum, the 2002 ceremony lasted four hours and twenty-three minutes.[75][76] In 2010, the organizers of the Academy Awards announced winners\' acceptance speeches must not run past 45 seconds. This, according to organizer Bill Mechanic, was to ensure the elimination of what he termed "the single most hated thing on the show" – overly long and embarrassing displays of emotion.[77] In 2016, in a further effort to streamline speeches, winners\' dedications were displayed on an on-screen ticker.[78] During the 2018 ceremony, host Jimmy Kimmel acknowledged how long the ceremony had become, by announcing that he would give a brand-new jet ski to whoever gave the shortest speech of the night (a reward won by Mark Bridges when accepting his Best Costume Design award for Phantom Thread).[79] The Wall Street Journal analyzed the average minutes spent across the 2014–2018 telecasts as follows: 14 on song performances; 25 on the hosts\' speeches; 38 on prerecorded clips; and 78 on the awards themselves, broken into 24 on the introduction and announcement, 24 on winners walking to the stage, and 30 on their acceptance speeches.[80]\nAlthough still dominant in ratings, the viewership of the Academy Awards has steadily dropped; the 88th Academy Awards were the lowest-rated in the past eight years (although with increases in male and 18–49 viewership), while the show itself also faced mixed reception. Following the show, Variety reported that ABC was, in negotiating an extension to its contract to broadcast the Oscars, seeking to have more creative control over the broadcast itself. Currently and nominally, AMPAS is responsible for most aspects of the telecast, including the choice of production staff and hosting, although ABC is allowed to have some input on their decisions.[81] In August 2016, AMPAS extended its contract with ABC through 2028: the contract neither contains any notable changes nor gives ABC any further creative control over the telecast.[82]\nTV ratings[edit]\nHistorically, the telecast\'s viewership is higher when box-office hits are favored to win the Best Picture award. More than 57.25 million viewers tuned to the telecast for the 70th Academy Awards in 1998, the year of Titanic, which generated a box office haul during its initial 1997–98 run of US$600.8 million in the US, a box office record that would remain unsurpassed for years.[83] The 76th Academy Awards ceremony, in which The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (pre-telecast box office earnings of US$368 million) received 11 Awards including Best Picture, drew 43.56 million viewers.[84] The most watched ceremony based on Nielsen ratings to date, however, was the 42nd Academy Awards (Best Picture Midnight Cowboy) which drew a 43.4% household rating on April 7, 1970.[85]\nBy contrast, ceremonies honoring films that have not performed well at the box office tend to show weaker ratings, despite how much critically acclaimed those films have been. The 78th Academy Awards which awarded low-budget independent film Crash (with a pre-Oscar gross of US$53.4 million) generated an audience of 38.64 million with a household rating of 22.91%.[86] In 2008, the 80th Academy Awards telecast was watched by 31.76 million viewers on average with an 18.66% household rating, the lowest-rated and least-watched ceremony at the time, in spite of celebrating 80 years of the Academy Awards.[87] The Best Picture winner of that particular ceremony was another independent film (No Country for Old Men).\nWhereas the 92nd Academy Awards drew an average of 23.6 million viewers,[88] the 93rd Academy Awards drew an even lower viewership of 10.4 million.[89] That is the lowest viewership recorded by Nielsen since it started recording audience totals in 1974.[90]\nArchive[edit]\nThe Academy Film Archive holds copies of every Academy Awards ceremony since the 1949 Oscars and material on many prior ceremonies, along with ancillary material related to more recent shows. Copies are held on a variety of film, video, and digital formats.[91]\nVenues[edit]\nIn 1929, the first Academy Awards were presented at a banquet dinner at The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. From 1930 to 1943, the ceremony alternated between two venues: the Ambassador Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard and the Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles.\nGrauman\'s Chinese Theatre in Hollywood then hosted the awards from 1944 to 1946, followed by the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles from 1947 to 1948. The 21st Academy Awards in 1949 were held at the Academy Award Theatre at what had been the Academy\'s headquarters on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood.[92]\nFrom 1950 to 1960, the awards were presented at Hollywood\'s Pantages Theatre. With the advent of television, the awards from 1953 to 1957 took place simultaneously in Hollywood and New York, first at the NBC International Theatre (1953) and then at the NBC Century Theatre, after which the ceremony took place solely in Los Angeles. The Oscars moved to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California, in 1961. By 1969, the Academy decided to move the ceremonies back to Downtown Los Angeles, this time to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion at the Los Angeles County Music Center. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the ceremony returned to the Shrine.\nIn 2002, Hollywood\'s Dolby Theatre (previously known as the Kodak Theatre) became the presentation\'s current venue.[93]\nAwards of Merit categories[edit]\nCurrent categories[edit]\nBest Picture: since 1927/28\nBest Director: since 1927/28\nBest Actor: since 1927/28\nBest Actress: since 1927/28\nBest Supporting Actor: since 1936\nBest Supporting Actress: since 1936\nBest Animated Feature Film: since 2001\nBest Animated Short Film: since 1930/31\nBest Cinematography: since 1927/28\nBest Costume Design: since 1948\nBest Documentary Feature: since 1943\nBest Documentary Short Subject: since 1941\nBest Film Editing: since 1934\nBest International Feature Film:[94] since 1947\nBest Live Action Short Film: since 1931/32\nBest Makeup and Hairstyling: since 1981\nBest Original Score: since 1934\nBest Original Song: since 1934\nBest Production Design: since 1927/28\nBest Sound: since 1929/30\nBest Visual Effects: since 1939\nBest Adapted Screenplay: since 1927/28\nBest Original Screenplay: since 1940\nIn the first year of the awards, the Best Directing award was split into two categories (Drama and Comedy). At times, the Best Original Score award has also been split into separate categories (Drama and Comedy/Musical). From the 1930s through the 1960s, the Art Direction (now Production Design), Cinematography, and Costume Design awards were likewise split into two categories (black-and-white films and color films). Prior to 2012, the Production Design award was called Art Direction, while the Makeup and Hairstyling award was called Makeup.\nIn August 2018, the Academy announced that several categories would not be televised live, but rather be recorded during commercial breaks and aired later in the ceremony.[95] Following dissent from Academy members, they announced that they would indeed air all 24 categories live. This followed a number of proposals (among them, the introduction of a Popular Film category) that the Academy had announced but did not implement.[96]\nDiscontinued categories[edit]\nBest Assistant Director: 1932/33 to 1937\nBest Director, Comedy Picture: 1927/28\nBest Director, Dramatic Picture: 1927/28\nBest Dance Direction: 1935 to 1937\nBest Engineering Effects: 1927/28\nBest Original Musical or Comedy Score: 1995 to 1998\nBest Original Story: 1927/28 to 1956\nBest Short Subject – 1 Reel: 1936 to 1956\nBest Short Subject – 2 Reel: 1936 to 1956\nBest Short Subject – Color: 1936 to 1937\nBest Short Subject – Comedy: 1931/32 to 1935\nBest Short Subject – Novelty: 1931/32 to 1935\nBest Sound Editing: 1963 to 2019\nAcademy Award for Best Title Writing: 1927/28\nAcademy Award for Best Unique and Artistic Production: 1927/28\nProposed categories[edit]\nThe Board of Governors meets each year and considers new award categories. To date, the following categories have been proposed:\nBest Casting: rejected in 1999[97]\nBest Popular Film: proposed in 2018 for presentation at the 2019 ceremony; postponed until the 2020 ceremony at the earliest[98]\nBest Stunt Coordination: rejected every year from 1991 to 2012[99][100][101][102]\nBest Title Design: rejected in 1999[97]\nSpecial categories[edit]\nThe Special Academy Awards are voted on by special committees, rather than by the Academy membership as a whole. They are not always presented on an annual basis.\nCurrent special categories[edit]\nFor a list of all nine awards, see § Other awards presented by the Academy.\nAcademy Honorary Award: since 1929\nAcademy Scientific and Technical Award (three different awards): since 1931\nGordon E. Sawyer Award: since 1981\nJean Hersholt Humanitarian Award: since 1957\nIrving G. Thalberg Memorial Award: since 1938\nAcademy Special Achievement Award: from 1972 to 1995, and again for 2017\nDiscontinued special categories[edit]\nAcademy Juvenile Award: 1934 to 1960\nCriticism[edit]\nThis section may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to create a more balanced presentation. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (April 2016)\nAccusations of commercialism[edit]\nDue to the positive exposure and prestige of the Academy Awards, many studios spend millions of dollars and hire publicists specifically to promote their films during what is typically called the "Oscar season". This has generated accusations of the Academy Awards being influenced more by marketing than by quality. William Friedkin, an Academy Award-winning film director and former producer of the ceremony, expressed this sentiment at a conference in New York in 2009, describing it as "the greatest promotion scheme that any industry ever devised for itself".[103]\nTim Dirks, editor of AMC\'s filmsite.org, has written of the Academy Awards:\nUnfortunately, the critical worth, artistic vision, cultural influence and innovative qualities of many films are not given the same voting weight. Especially since the 1980s, moneymaking "formula-made" blockbusters with glossy production values have often been crowd-pleasing titans (and Best Picture winners), but they haven\'t necessarily been great films with depth or critical acclaim by any measure.[104]\nA recent technique that has been claimed to be used during the Oscar season is the whisper campaign. These campaigns are intended to spread negative perceptions of other movies nominated and are believed to be perpetrated by those that were involved in creating the movie. Examples of whisper campaigns include the allegations against Zero Dark Thirty suggesting that it justifies torture and the claim that Lincoln distorts history.[105]\nAccusations of bias[edit]\nFurther information: Oscar bait\nSee also: Virtue signaling\nTypical criticism of the Academy Awards for Best Picture is that among the winners and nominees there is an over-representation of romantic historical epics, biographical dramas, romantic dramedies and family melodramas, most of which are released in the U.S. in the last three months of the calendar year. The Oscars have been infamously known for selecting specific genres of movies to be awarded. The term \'Oscar bait\' was coined to describe such movies. This has led, at times, to more specific criticisms that the Academy is disconnected from the audience, e.g., by favoring \'Oscar bait\' over audience favorites, or favoring historical melodramas over critically acclaimed movies that depict current life issues.[106]\nAllegations of a lack of diversity[edit]\nThe Academy Awards have long received criticism over its lack of diversity among the nominees.[107][108][109] This criticism is based on the statistics from every Academy Awards since 1929, which shows us that only 6.4% of academy award nominees have been non-white and since 1991, 11.2% of nominees have been non-white, with the rate of winners being even more polarizing.[110] More white actresses have won Oscars for yellowface portrayals of Asian characters than actual Asian actresses.[111][112] The 88th awards ceremony became the target of a boycott, popularized on social media with the hashtag #OscarsSoWhite, based on critics\' perception that its all-white acting nominee list reflected bias. In response, the Academy initiated "historic" changes in membership by the year 2020.[113][114]\nSymbolism or sentimentalization[edit]\nActing prizes in certain years have been criticized for not recognizing superior performances so much as being awarded for personal popularity,[115] to make up for a "snub" for a work that proved in time to be more popular or renowned than the one actually awarded, or presented as a "career honor" to recognize a distinguished nominee\'s entire body of work.[29]\nRecognition of streaming media film[edit]\nFollowing the 91st Academy Awards in February 2019 in which the Netflix-broadcast film Roma had been nominated for ten awards including the Best Picture category, Steven Spielberg and other members of the Academy discussed changing the requirements through the Board of Governors for films as to exclude those from Netflix and other media streaming services. Spielberg had been concerned that Netflix as a movie production and distribution studio could spend much more than typical Oscar-winning films and have much wider and earlier distribution than other Best Picture-nominated films, while still being able to meet the minimal theatrical-run status to qualify for an Oscar.[116] The United States Department of Justice, having heard of this potential rule change, wrote a letter to the Academy in March 2019, cautioning them that placing additional restrictions on films that originate from streaming media services without proper justification could raise anti-trust concerns against the Academy.[117] Following its April 2019 board meeting, the Academy Board of Governors agreed to retain the current rules that allow for streaming media films to be eligible for Oscars as long as they enjoy limited theatrical runs.[118]\nRefusals of the award[edit]\nSome winners critical of the Academy Awards have boycotted the ceremonies and refused to accept their Oscars. The first to do so was screenwriter Dudley Nichols (Best Writing in 1935 for The Informer). Nichols boycotted the 8th Academy Awards ceremony because of conflicts between the Academy and the Writers\' Guild.[119] Nichols eventually accepted the 1935 award three years later, at the 1938 ceremony. Nichols was nominated for three further Academy Awards during his career.\nGeorge C. Scott became the second person to refuse his award (Best Actor in 1970 for Patton) at the 43rd Academy Awards ceremony. Scott described it as a "meat parade", saying, "I don\'t want any part of it."[120][121][122]\nThe third person to refuse the award was Marlon Brando, who refused his award (Best Actor for 1972\'s The Godfather), citing the film industry\'s discrimination and mistreatment of Native Americans. At the 45th Academy Awards ceremony, Brando sent actress and civil rights activist Sacheen Littlefeather to read a 15-page speech, detailing his criticisms, for which there was booing and cheering by the audience.[123][119]\nDisqualifications[edit]\nNine films have been disqualified before an official award ceremony because they violated the regulations:[124]\nThe Circus (1928) – The film was voluntarily removed by the Academy from competitive categories, to award Charlie Chaplin a special award.\nHondo (1953) – Removed from the Best Story ballot after letters from the producer and nominee questioned its inclusion in the category.\nHigh Society (1955) – Withdrawn from screenwriting ballot after being mistaken for the 1956 movie of the same title.\nThe Godfather (1972) – Initially nominated for eleven awards, its nomination for Best Original Score was revoked after it was discovered that its main theme was very similar to music that the score\'s composer had written for an earlier film. None of its other nominations were revoked, and it received three Oscars, including Best Picture.\nA Place in the World (1992) – Removed from the Best Foreign Language Film ballot after it was discovered that the country who submitted the film exercised insufficient artistic control.\nTuba Atlantic (2012) – Removed from the Best Live Action Short Film ballot when it was discovered that the film aired on television before its theatrical release.\nAlone Yet Not Alone (2014) – The film\'s title song, "Alone Yet Not Alone", was removed from the Best Original Song ballot after Bruce Broughton was found to have improperly contacted other members of the academy\'s musical branch; this was the first time that a film was removed from a ballot for ethical reasons.\nOne film was disqualified after winning the award, and had the winner return the Oscar:\nYoung Americans (1969) – Initially won the award for Best Documentary Feature, but was later revoked after it was revealed that it had opened theatrically prior to the eligibility period.\nAssociated events[edit]\nThis section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\nThe following events are closely associated with the annual Academy Awards:\nBAFTA Awards\nCésar Awards\nNominees luncheon\nGovernors Awards\nThe 25th Independent Spirit Awards (2010), usually held in Santa Monica, California the Saturday before the Oscars, marked the first time it was moved to a Friday and a change of venue to L.A. Live\nThe annual "Night Before", traditionally held at the Beverly Hills Hotel, begun in 2002 and generally known as the party of the season, benefits the Motion Picture & Television Fund, which operates a retirement home for SAG actors in the San Fernando Valley\nElton John AIDS Foundation Academy Award Party airs the awards live at the nearby Pacific Design Center\nThe Governors Ball is the Academy\'s official after-party, including dinner (until 2011), and is adjacent to the awards-presentation venue\nThe Vanity Fair after-party, historically at the former Morton\'s restaurant, has been at the Sunset Tower since 2009\nAriel Award in Mexico\nPresenter and performer gifts[edit]\nIt has become a tradition to give out gift bags to the presenters and performers at the Oscars. In recent years, these gifts have also been extended to award nominees and winners.[125] The value of each of these gift bags can reach into the tens of thousands of dollars. In 2014, the value was reported to be as high as US$80,000.[126] The value has risen to the point where the U.S. Internal Revenue Service issued a statement regarding the gifts and their taxable status.[127] Oscar gift bags have included vacation packages to Hawaii and Mexico and Japan, a private dinner party for the recipient and friends at a restaurant, videophones, a four-night stay at a hotel, watches, bracelets, spa treatments, bottles of vodka, maple salad dressing, weight-loss gummie candy and up to $25,000 worth of cosmetic treatments and rejuvenation procedures such as lip fillers and chemical peels from New York City facial plastic surgeon Konstantin Vasyukevich.[125][128][129][130][131] Some of the gifts have even had a "risque" element to them; in 2014, the adult products retailer Adam & Eve had a "Secret Room Gifting Suite". Celebrities visiting the gifting suite included Judith Hoag, Carolyn Hennesy, Kate Linder, Chris Mulkey, Jim O\'Heir, and John Salley.[132]\nTelevision ratings and advertisement prices[edit]\nFrom 2006 onwards, results are Live+SD; all previous years are live viewing.[133]\nYear Viewers,\nmillions[133] Ad price,[133][134]\nUSD, millions Adjusted price,\nUSD, millions\n2021 10.4 Not available Not available\n2020 23.6 Not available Not available\n2019 29.6 Not available Not available\n2018 26.5 Not available Not available\n2017 32.9 Not available Not available\n2016 34.3 Not available Not available\n2015 37.260[135] 1.95[136] 2.13\n2014 43.740[137] 1.8 – 1.9[138] 1.97 – 2.08\n2013 40.376[139] 1.65 – 1.8[138] 1.83 – 2\n2012 39.460[140] 1.610 1.81\n2011 37.919 1.3684 1.57\n2010 41.699 1.1267 1.34\n2009 36.310 1.3[138] 1.57\n2008 32.006 1.82[138] 2.19\n2007 40.172 1.6658 2.08\n2006 38.939 1.6468 2.11\n2005 42.139 1.503 1.99\n2004 43.531 1.5031 2.06\n2003 33.043 1.3458 1.89\n2002 41.782 1.29 1.86\n2001 42.944 1.45 2.12\n2000 46.333 1.305 1.96\n1999 45.615 1 1.55\n1998 57.249 0.95 1.51\n1997 40.075 0.85 1.37\n1996 44.867 0.795 1.31\n1995 48.279 0.7 1.19\n1994 45.083 0.6435 1.12\n1993 45.735 0.6078 1.09\n1992 44.406 Not available Not available\n1991 42.727 Not available Not available\n1990 40.375 0.45 0.89\n1989 42.619 0.375 0.78\n1988 42.227 0.36 0.79\n1987 37.190 0.335 0.76\n1986 37.757 0.32 0.76\n1985 38.855 0.315 0.76\n1984 42.051 0.275 0.69\n1983 53.235 0.245 0.64\n1982 46.245 Not available Not available\n1981 39.919 Not available Not available\n1980 48.978 Not available Not available\n1979 46.301 Not available Not available\n1978 48.501 Not available Not available\n1977 39.719 Not available Not available\n1976 46.751 Not available Not available\n1975 48.127 Not available Not available\n1974 44.712 Not available Not available\nTrademark[edit]\nThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2016)\nThe term "Oscar" is a registered trademark of the AMPAS; however, in the Italian language, it is used generically to refer to any award or award ceremony, regardless of which field.[141][142]\nSee also[edit]\nList of film awards\nList of Academy Award records\nList of actors with Academy Award nominations\nList of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees\nFilm portalUnited States portalGreater Los Angeles portal\nFootnotes[edit]\n^ Starting with the 2017 awards, a qualifying release for the Documentary Feature award can take place anywhere in New York City. Previously, a New York City qualifying run could only take place in Manhattan.[53]\nReferences[edit]\n^ "AMPAS Drops \'85th Academy Awards\' – Now It\'s Just \'The Oscars\'". TheWrap. February 19, 2013. Archived from the original on August 3, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2017.\n^ Rao, Sonia (April 16, 2021). "Why do the Oscars matter?". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 12, 2021.\n^ "Academy Award". Encyclopædia Britannica. April 19, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.\n^ Nichols, Chris (February 25, 2016). "Meet George Stanley, Sculptor of the Academy Award". Los Angeles Magazine. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2017.\n^ "About the Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on April 7, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2007.\n^ Essex, Andrew (May 14, 1999). "The Birth of Oscar". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2011.\n^\na b c d e "History of the Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on July 6, 2010.\n^ Monush, Barry. "The Lure of Oscar: A Look at the Mightiest of All Award Shows, the Academy Awards". The Paley Center for Media. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved October 29, 2019.\n^ "The Academy and ABC Set April 25, 2021 as New Show Date for 93rd Oscars®". Oscars.org. June 15, 2020. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.\n^\na b c "Oscar Statuette". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017.\n^ "The 1st Academy Awards | 1929". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved October 29, 2019.\n^ Harvey, Steve (March 29, 1993). "What You Won\'t See at Oscars On Cue: Behind Those Cameras on Oscar Night". Los Angeles Times. p. F1. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2020.\n^ "Disney hoping to win first Oscar for Best Animated Feature". New York Post. February 28, 2014. Archived from the original on April 19, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.\n^ Farhi, Paul (February 10, 2020). 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Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2014.\n^ Bibel, Sara (December 12, 2013). "Tops of 2013: TV and Social Media". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 25, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2014.\n^ Kissell, Rick (February 27, 2012). "Crystal, social media fuel Oscar ratings". Variety. PMC. Retrieved April 26, 2012.\n^ Court: \'Oscar\' may be generic term in Italian – Hollywood Reporter Archived February 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine\n^ Court: Oscar may be generic term in Italian | Reuters Archived April 29, 2016, at the Wayback Machine\nFurther reading[edit]\nBrokaw, Lauren (2010). "Wanna see an Academy Awards invite? We got it along with all the major annual events surrounding the Oscars". Los Angeles: The Daily Truffle.\nCotte, Oliver (2007). Secrets of Oscar-winning animation: Behind the scenes of 13 classic short animations. Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-52070-4.\nFischer, Erika J (1988). The inauguration of "Oscar": sketches and documents from the early years of the Hollywood Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Academy Awards, 1927-1930. Munich: K. G. Saur Verlag. ISBN 978-3-598-10753-5. OCLC 925086635.\nKinn, Gail; Piazza, Jim (2002). The Academy Awards: The Complete History of Oscar. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57912-240-9.\nLevy, Emanuel (2003). All About Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards. Burns & Oates. ISBN 978-0-8264-1452-6.\nWright, Jon (2007). The Lunacy of Oscar: The Problems with Hollywood\'s Biggest Night. Thomas Publishing, Inc.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Academy Awards.\nOfficial website of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences\nAcademy Awards at IMDb\nOfficial Academy Awards Database (searchable)\nshow\nvte\nAcademy Awards\n\nshow\nvte\nAcademy Awards lists\n\n\n\nshow\nvte\nCinema of the United States\n\nshow\nvte\nMajor film awards by countries\nAuthority control\nBNF: cb12149710v (data) GND: 4132171-6 LCCN: sh85000301 MBS: d9b24615-8bd5-4a1d-9c9d-874c6461d55c NARA: 10663067 NDL: 01216110 NKC: ph221975 SUDOC: 02998842X', 'num_links': 1804, 'num_images': 25, 'last_edited': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 31, 15, 8)}, {'title': 'Blowing a raspberry', 'description': '"Bronx cheer" redirects here. For the Law & Order episode, see Bronx Cheer (Law & Order).\nA man blowing a raspberry\nBlowing a raspberry, strawberry, or making a Bronx cheer, is to make a noise similar to flatulence that may signify derision, real or feigned. It may also be used in childhood phonemic play, either solely by the child, or by adults towards a child to encourage imitation to the delight of both parties. It is made by placing the tongue between the lips, or alternately placing the lips against any area of skin, and blowing. When performed against the skin of another person, it is often a form of tickling. In the terminology of phonetics, the former sound has been described as a voiceless linguolabial trill, [r̼̊],[1] and as a buccal interdental trill, [ↀ͡r̪͆].[2]\nA raspberry (when used with the tongue) is never used in human language phonemically (that is, as a building block of words). However, the bilabial trill (essentially blowing a raspberry with one\'s lips) is a phoneme in some languages. Blowing a raspberry is widely used across human cultures.[citation needed]\nSpike Jones and His City Slickers used a "birdaphone" to create this sound on their recording of "Der Fuehrer\'s Face", repeatedly lambasting Adolf Hitler with: "We\'ll Heil! (Bronx cheer) Heil! (Bronx cheer) Right in Der Fuehrer\'s Face!"[3][4]\nEtymology[edit]\nThe nomenclature varies by country. In most anglophone countries, it is known as a raspberry, which is attested from at least 1890,[5] and which in the United States came to be abbreviated as razz by 1919.[6] In the United States it has also been called a Bronx cheer since at least the early 1920s.[7][8]\nBlowing a "raspberry" derives from the Cockney rhyming slang "raspberry tart" for "fart".[9][10] Rhyming slang was particularly used in British comedy to refer to things that would be unacceptable to a polite audience. "Raspberry" was also given the pronunciation spelling "razzberry" in the US, of which "razz" is an abbreviation.\nSee also[edit]\nBilabial trill\nJoe Btfsplk\nGolden Raspberry Awards, which are named after the term\nLinguistic universal\nThe Phantom Raspberry Blower of Old London Town\nFlatulence humor\nReferences[edit]\n^ Pike called it a "voiceless exolabio-lingual trill", with the tongue vibrating against a protruding lower lip. Pike, Kenneth L. (1943). Phonetics: A Critical Analysis of Phonetic Theory and a Technique for the Practical Description of Sounds. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.\n^ Ball, Martin J.; Howard, Sara J.; Miller, Kirk (2018). "Revisions to the extIPA chart". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 48 (2): 155–164. doi:10.1017/S0025100317000147.\n^ Hinkley, David (March 3, 2004). "Scorn and disdain: Spike Jones giffs Hitler der old birdaphone, 1942". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on April 8, 2009.\n^ Gilliland, John (April 14, 1972). "Pop Chronicles 1940s Program #5". UNT Digital Library.\n^ "raspberry". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)\n^ "razz". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)\n^ Runyon, Damon (19 Oct 1921). "All Chicago backs up its footballers". San Francisco Examiner. Universal Syndicate. p. 19. Retrieved 18 Jun 2019. ....the East will grin and give Western football the jolly old Bronx cheer.\n^ Farrell, Henry L. (30 Nov 1922). "Wills looks like boob in Johnson bout". San Antonio Evening News. United Press. p. 8. Retrieved 18 Jun 2019. While the crowd was giving vent to the \'Bronx cheer\' and hurling garlands of raspberries from the gallery....\n^ "Raspberry tart". Phrases.org.uk. Retrieved 2010-07-28.\n^ Bryson, Bill (1990). The Mother Tongue: English & How It Got That Way (Trade printing, September 1991 ed.). Avon Books. p. 238. ISBN 0-380-71543-0.', 'num_links': 144, 'num_images': 3, 'last_edited': datetime.datetime(2021, 4, 11, 3, 23)}, {'title': 'Super 8 film', 'description': 'This article is about the film format. For the Abrams/Spielberg movie, see Super 8 (2011 film). For other uses, see Super 8 (disambiguation).\nSuper 8 and 8mm film formats - magnetic sound stripes are shown in gray. Figure is incorrectly dimensioned: S-8 projection aperture is 0.211"×0.158".\nKodachrome 40 KMA464P Super 8 Cartridge\nSuper 8 camera from ca. 1966\nSuper 8mm film is a motion picture film format released in 1965[1][2][3] by Eastman Kodak as an improvement over the older "Double" or "Regular" 8 mm home movie format.\nThe film is nominally 8mm wide, the same as older formatted 8mm film, but the dimensions of the rectangular perforations along one edge are smaller, which allows for a greater exposed area. The Super 8 standard also allocates the border opposite the perforations for an oxide stripe upon which sound can be magnetically recorded.\nUnlike Super 35 (which is generally compatible with standard 35mm equipment), the film stock used for Super 8 is not compatible with standard 8 mm film cameras.\nThere are several varieties of the film system used for shooting, but the final film in each case has the same dimensions. The most popular system by far was the Kodak system.\nContents\n1 Super 8 System\n2 Fujifilm Single-8 system\n3 Polaroid Polavision\n4 Double Super 8\n5 Widescreen Super8 and Max8\n6 Equipment and film\n6.1 Equipment\n6.2 Film stock\n7 Sound\n8 Packaged movies\n9 In-flight movies\n10 Popularity\n11 Film festivals\n12 Educational use\n13 In popular culture\n14 See also\n15 References\nSuper 8 System[edit]\nNizo film-camera\nLaunched in 1965 by Eastman Kodak at the 1964–66 Worlds Fair, Super 8 film comes in plastic light-proof cartridges containing coaxial supply and take up spools loaded with 50 feet (15 m) of film, with 72 frames per foot, for a total of approximately 3,600 frames per film cartridge. This is enough film for 2.5 minutes at the professional motion picture standard of 24 frames per second, and for 3 minutes and 20 seconds of continuous filming at 18 frames per second (upgraded from Standard 8 mm 16 frame/s) for amateur use. In 1973 the system was upgraded with a larger cartridge, which includes film with magnetic sound. In 1975 an even larger 200-foot (61 m) cartridge became available which could be used in specifically designed cameras. The sound and the 200 foot cartridge system are no longer available, but the 50 foot silent cartridge system is still manufactured. Historically, Super 8 film was a reversal stock for home projection used primarily for the creation of home movies. It became an extremely popular consumer product in the late 1960s through the 1970s, but was largely replaced in the 1980s by the use of video tape. During the mid-to-late 1980s Super 8 began to re-emerge as an alternative method for movie production, beginning with its use in MTV music videos in 1981. In 1993 the company\'s Super8 Sound, now called Pro8mm, pioneered the use of the color negative in Super 8 by custom perforating and loading a variety of 35mm film stocks into the Super 8 film cartridge.[4] This included emulsions from Kodak, Fuji and Ilford. Today Super 8 color negative film is the main color stock used. There are also Super 8 reversal films available including 100D Kodak Ektachrome and 200D Agfa color as well as black-and-white (B&W) from Foma, ADOX and ORWO and Kodak.\nA Super 8 film cartridge (Eastman Ektachrome) beside a compact audio cassette for scale\nThe Super 8 plastic cartridge is probably the fastest loading film system ever developed, as it can be loaded into the Super 8 camera in less than two seconds without the need to directly thread or touch the film. In addition, coded notches cut into the Super 8 film cartridge exterior allow the camera to recognize the film speed automatically. Not all cameras can read all the notches correctly, however, and there is some debate about which notches actually deliver the best results.[5] Canon keeps an exhaustive list of their Super 8 cameras with detailed specifications on what film speeds can be used with their cameras.[6] Usually, testing one cartridge of film can help handle any uncertainty a filmmaker may have about how well their Super 8 camera reads different film stocks. Color stocks were originally available only in tungsten (3400K), and almost all Super 8 cameras come with a switchable daylight filter built in, allowing for both indoor and outdoor shooting.\nThe original Super 8 film release was a silent system only, but in 1973 a sound on film version was released. The film with sound had a magnetic soundtrack[7] and came in larger cartridges than the original cartridge in order to accommodate the sound recording head in the film path. Sound film requires a longer film path (for smoothing the film movement before it reaches the recording head), and a second aperture for the recording head. Sound cameras are compatible with silent cartridges, but not vice versa. Sound film is typically filmed at a speed of 18 or 24 frames per second.[8] Kodak discontinued the production of Super 8 sound film in 1997 citing environmental regulations as the reason. The adhesive used to bond the magnetic track to the film is environmentally hazardous.[9]\nA Super 8 film cartridge with a close-up of the film\nIn 2005 Kodak announced the discontinuation of their most popular stock Kodachrome[10] due to the decline of facilities equipped with K-14 process. Kodachrome was "replaced" by a new ISO 64 Ektachrome, which uses the simpler E-6 process. The last roll of Kodachrome was processed on January 18, 2011, (although announced last date of processing was December 30, 2010) in Parsons, Kansas, by the sole remaining lab capable of processing it.[11] In December 2012, Kodak discontinued color reversal stock in all formats including 35mm and Super 8. However, in Spring of 2019, Kodak introduced Ektachrome 100D in super 8 and 16mm formats, citing surges in demand.[12] Today there is still a variety of Super 8 film stocks. Kodak sells one Super 8 color reversal stock, Ektachrome 100D, and three Super 8 color negative stocks cut from their Vision 3 film series, ISO 50, ISO 200 and ISO 500 which can be used in very low light. Kodak reformulated the emulsions for the B&W reversal stocks and made Tri-X (ISO 200) in order to give it more sharpness. Film cut to Super 8 from other manufactured raw stock such as Fuji, Orwo, Adox, Agfa and Foma are also available. Pro8mm offers 7 color negative stocks made from Kodak and Fuji film. Color Reversal film for Super 8 is still available from several Super 8 specialty companies. Wittner Kinotechnik offers Super 8 made from a batch of Agfa Aviphot 200D which is perforated and slit for Super 8, 8mm and 16mm formats. This film is loaded into Super 8 and Single cartridges by several of the specialty companies. Other stocks, such as the new Fuji reversal film, and existing supplies of Kodak 35mm 100D are often made available in Super 8 by these specialty companies.\nExternal video\nA Super 8 reel scanned to 2K\nExternal video\nA Super 8 reel scanned to 4K\nThe growing popularity and availability of non-linear editing systems has allowed film-makers and any user of film to shoot Super 8 film but edit in digital. This avoids much of the tedium of handling film and the damage to the film which can occur when editing the actual film. Super 8 films may be transferred (scanned) to digital through a variety of processes, and then imported into computer-based editing and correction systems for post production. Today\'s systems can even scan super 8 to 4K digital in a variety of formats.\nFujifilm Single-8 system[edit]\nMain article: Single-8\nFujifilm of Japan developed an alternative format called Single-8, which was released in 1965 as a different option to the Kodak Super 8 format.\nSingle-8 cartridges, without a press plate, are of a different design from a Super 8 cartridge, resembling a cassette-style design (supply and take-up reels side by side) as opposed to Super 8\'s coaxial cartridge design (one reel on top of the other). Therefore, Single-8 film cartridges can only be used in Single-8 cameras. However, the film loaded in a Single-8 cartridge has exactly the same dimensions as Super 8 (though it is made of a thinner and stronger polyester base, rather than the acetate base of Super 8 film), and can be viewed in any Super 8 projector after processing. However, Fuji recommended that only tape splices be used when combining Single-8 footage with Super-8, as cement would cause damage to the Single-8 footage. Also, when jammed, Single-8 footage has a tendency to stretch in the projector, unlike the acetate-based Super-8 film, which simply breaks.\nAlthough never as popular as Super 8, the format existed in parallel. On June 2, 2009, Fuji announced the end of Single-8 motion picture film.[13] Tungsten balanced 200 ASA Fuji RT200N ceased to be manufactured by May 2010. Daylight balanced 25 ASA Fujichrome R25N remained available until March 2012. Fuji\'s in-house processing service was available until September 2013.\nPolaroid Polavision[edit]\nMain article: Polavision\nAn instant 8mm film released in 1977 by Polaroid, Polavision uses the same perforations as Super 8mm film. It can be projected through a Super 8mm projector if the film is transferred from the original cartridge to an 8mm reel. However, because of the additive process, the picture will be much darker.\nDouble Super 8[edit]\nDouble Super 8 film (commonly abbreviated as DS8) is a 16 mm wide film but has Super 8 size sprockets. It is used in the same way as standard 8 mm film in that the film is run through the camera twice, exposing one side on each pass. During processing, the film is split down the middle and the two pieces spliced together to produce a single strip for projection in a Super 8 projector. Because it has sprockets on both sides of the film, the pin-registration is superior to Super 8 film and so picture stability is better.\nWidescreen Super8 and Max8[edit]\nAs Super 8 progressed to be used in HD and theatrical applications, a need arose for widescreen compatibility without having to use expensive optical adapters or excessive cropping. Since magnetic sound-striped film was no longer available, that area of the film could be used to expand the picture aspect ratio in a process similar to the creation of Super 16 from standard 16mm film. The creators of Sleep Always[14] experimented with widening the camera gate to expose into the sound track region to achieve this.\nIn March 2005, Pro8mm introduced its own version of the widened gate, achieving aspect ratio of 1.58 and calling it Max8.[15][16] Because top and bottom of the frame are meant to be cropped to achieve final 16:9 aspect ratio, the viewfinder is modified to show 16:9 frame markings.[17] Pro8mm claims that shooting with Max8 and then cropping it to achieve 16:9 provides 20% increase in the size of the negative compared to regular Super8 cropped to 16:9.[16]\nIn 2015, Logmar of Denmark made a one-off batch of 50 "digicanical" pro-level Super 8 cameras to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Super 8.[18] These cameras use a widened gate as well, providing an 11% increase in imaging area over the standard Super8 frame and achieving aspect ratio of 1.5.[19]\nIn 2016, Eastman Kodak showed a concept[20] for a new Super 8 camera, its first such camera in over 30 years.[21][22] Although Kodak has neither confirmed nor denied it, Logmar is said to have assisted in the design of the transport and the camera\'s firmware. A working prototype was displayed at the 2017 Consumer Electronics Show, with Kodak hoping to begin production in spring 2017.\nEquipment and film[edit]\nA spool of developed Super 8 Film, with a protective white leader.\nEquipment[edit]\nAlthough Kodak launched Super 8 and had its own cameras, hundreds of other companies produced Super 8 camera, projection, editing, and sound equipment. Some of the more notable companies that made Super 8 equipment include: Canon,[23] Bauer,[24] Nizo,[25] Super8 Sound (Pro8mm),[26] Beaulieu, Leicina, Logmar, Ciro, Bolex, Goko, Hahnel, Wurker, Minolta, Minnette, Nikon.[27] Most of these companies had long histories in the production of motion picture equipment, dating back to the 1930s with 8mm. In 1980, the consumer market for Super 8 collapsed. Most of the independent companies were forced into bankruptcy or merged, as the demand for Super 8 evaporated overnight. Some companies remained in business until 1985 when many gave up completely on movie film equipment. A few later re-emerged including Beaulieu, who, in 1985, introduced a new 7008 camera and Super 8 Sound that introduced a new version of its full-coat recorder, the Mag IV. The companies in which Super 8 was only a division simply closed. Kodak continued support for Super 8. A few products re-emerged with new features such as crystal sync and Max8.[28] Several Canon models have also started to reappear as restoration efforts like the RhondaCam. Recently, new companies have started producing new Super 8 cameras. In 2015, Logmar introduced a limited edition completely new Super 8 Camera,[29] and in 2016, Kodak showed a concept of a new Super 8 camera at the 2016 CES expo.[30] There are literally millions of Super 8 cameras that are still available and viable because of manufacturing methods back in the 1960s and 1970s. These cameras can be found at specialized retailers and distributors and at auction sites such as eBay.\nCanon Auto Zoom 1014 Super 8 camera\nFilm stock[edit]\nKodak currently offers one color reversal stock, Ektachrome 100D, three of its latest Vision 3 color negative stock, the 50 D, 200T, and 500T, and Tri-X B&W reversal film in the Super 8 format. Several Super 8 specialty companies such as: Pro8mm in Burbank CA, Wittner Cinetec in Hamburg, Germany, and Kahlfilm in Brühl, Germany, slit and perforate raw 35 mm film stock from Kodak, Fuji, ORWO, Agfa, and Foma and then repackage it in Kodak Super 8 cartridges. Adox has its own B&W film supply and provides this in its own Super 8 cartridge design by GKfilmCinevia. Retro 8 of Japan provides a similar service for Super 8 film in the Fuji Cartridge (Single8). There are now more varieties of Super 8 film available than ever before.\nIn 2017, Kodak announced that Ektachrome will soon be available again in the Super 8 format.[31] In Spring of 2019, Kodak officially released Ektachrome 100D in Super 8 and 16mm formats.\nSuper 8 film is available worldwide through specialty shops and online from major companies such as Amazon. It has become common to see it sold with processing prepaid and for it to be sold with scan to digital services at a variety of different levels from Standard Definition Digital to 4K Data. It can even be purchased to include all the logistic associated with the process including film processing, scanning and internet delivery of image and mail in and back services.[32] This is a sample video done with the Super 8 film kit.[33]\nSound[edit]\nMagIV Super 8 Fullcoat Recorder\nIn the beginning of 1965, Super 8 was introduced as a silent format. Over time, several companies began to offer sync sound options for Super 8 filmmaking. Two companies introduced comprehensive sound systems for Super 8. These were Super8 Sound Inc. led by Harvard film professor Bob Doyle[34] and Optasound led by Richard Leacock at MIT. With double system, as it was called, sound and picture are recorded separately. This was fine for more professional applications and for education about film production, but for consumers it was simply too complex and expensive.[35]\nIn 1973 Kodak introduced Ektasound—magnetic recording on the actual Super 8 film.[36] The sound track was added on the edge of the film opposite to the perforations. Standard 8mm had the stripe between the perforations and the edge of the film which made good contact with a magnetic head problematic. A balance stripe was added on the opposite edge to facilitate spooling of the film. The Ektasound cartridge was deeper than the silent cartridge to allow access of the camera\'s recording head. Thus, silent cameras could not accept Ektasound cartridges, but Ektasound cameras and projectors accepted silent cartridges. Projectors, that could record and play sound, appeared before sound cameras. The sound was recorded 18 frames in advance of the picture (as opposed to 56 frames for standard 8mm). This short distance of just 3 inches facilitated the relatively compact size of the later sound cartridges. Some projectors used the balance stripe to provide a second channel for stereo sound.\nSuper 8mm was also specified with an optical sound track. This occupied the same location as the magnetic track. Picture to sound separation in this format was 22 frames. Projectors and cameras obviously could not record sound in this system, but optical sound package movies became briefly popular, particularly in Europe (mainly because they were cheaper to produce - though the projectors cost more). Although the optical sound should have been inferior in quality to magnetic sound (running at 3.6 inches per second for 24 frames per second), in practice it was often much better, largely because packaged movie magnetic sound was often poorly recorded.\nPackaged movies[edit]\nAlthough the 8 mm format was originally intended for creating amateur films, condensed versions of popular cinema releases were available up until the mid-1980s, for projection at home. These were generally edited to fit onto a 200 ft (61 m) or 400 ft (120 m) reel. Many Charlie Chaplin films, and other silent movies were available from companies specializing in re-releasing such films on Super8 such as Blackhawk Films and Castle Films. The Walt Disney Studio released excerpts from many of their animated feature films, as well as some shorts, in both Standard and Super 8, some even with magnetic sound.\nIn-flight movies[edit]\nStarting in 1971[37] in-flight movies (previously 16 mm) were shown in Super 8 format until video distribution became the norm, until they were replaced by Video8 and later on, digital video. The films were printed with an optical sound track (amateur films use magnetic sound), and spooled into proprietary cassettes that often held an entire two-hour movie.\nPopularity[edit]\nA frame from So tell me again by Jesse Richards\nSuper 8 was most widely used for filming home movies. Some lower-budget television stations used Super 8 to film news stories.[38] Today amateur usage of Super 8 has been replaced by digital, but the format is still regularly used by artists and students. Some seek to imitate the look of old home movies, or create a stylishly grainy look. Others want to create alternative looks for flashback sequences and altered states of consciousness. Some just like the idea of creating images in the classic style of using actual film. Super 8 is a relatively inexpensive film, making it popular among filmmakers working on a low budget who still want to achieve the classic look of real film.\nSuper 8 has become quite common in theatrical features. Oliver Stone, for example, has used it in films such as JFK, where his director of photography Robert Richardson employed it to evoke a period or to give a different look to scenes. The PBS series Globe Trekker uses approximately five minutes of Super 8 footage per episode.[39] In the UK, broadcasters such as the BBC still occasionally make use of Super 8 in both drama and documentary contexts, usually for creative effect. A recent example of particular note is the 2005 BBC2 documentary series Define Normal, which was shot largely on Super 8, with only interviews and special timelapse photography utilising more conventional digital formats.[40]\nThanks to over a dozen film stocks, the ease of function and finding a camera, and the ability to do high quality digital scanning to standard motion picture digital formats like 2K and 4K, DPX or ProRes 4444, Super 8 remains a popular format for creating a variety of interesting scenes. Super 8 provides an ideal, inexpensive medium for traditional stop-motion and cel animation and other types of filming speed effects not common to video cameras.\nFilm festivals[edit]\nTo give further support to filmmakers dedicated to shooting on Super 8 mm film, many film festivals and screenings—such as the Flicker Film Festival, and Super Gr8 Film Festival[41]—exist to give filmmakers a place to screen their Super 8 mm films. Many of these screenings shun video and are only open to films shot on film. Some require film to be turned in undeveloped and thus not permitting any editing, providing an additional challenge to the filmmaker. These include the Bentley Film Festival and straight 8, which runs screenings at the Cannes Film Festival and many other festivals and events worldwide, where a sound track is required to be supplied with a completed but unprocessed cartridge. In the 2005 Cannes Film Festival, a Super 8 short film (The Man Who Met Himself) by British filmmaker Ben Crowe, shot on the now discontinued Kodachrome 40 format, was the first Super 8 film to be nominated for the Short Film Palme D\'Or in the Official Selection.\nIn the UK, the Cambridge International Super 8 Film Festival,[42] with the support of the film industry, runs a competition program of more than 60 films every year. The festival also features work of Super 8 filmmakers, industry talks, and a workshop.\nThe United States Super 8 Film + Digital Video Festival receives close to 100 Super 8 entries every year.[43]\nIn Brazil[44] Curta8 | Festival Internacional de Cinema Super8 is in its 11th year.\nA number of experimental filmmakers, such as Mason Shefa and Stan Brakhage, continue to work extensively in the format and festivals such as the Images Festival (Toronto), the Media City Film Festival (Windsor, Ont.), and TIE (based in Colorado) regularly project Super 8 films as part of their programming.\nIn June 2010, the Super8 Shots film festival was launched in Galway, Ireland, the first Super 8 festival to occur in Ireland, and included classes on basics and uses of film through to processing your own film.[45]\nChicago 8: A Small Gauge Film Festival started in 2011, and will feature yearly programming of small gauge film from around the world.[46]\nEducational use[edit]\nSuper 8 can still be found at a few select higher educational institutions offering film production courses including the program at Chaffey College in Southern California. It is more common to find Super 8 film in art programs. These programs use the analog experience of film for its own creative potential rather than use Super 8 to teach traditional modern production methods. Art programs on many levels, such as this program put on in Santa Clarita California at ArtTree for students aged 10 to 15, teach the basic nature of film.[47] Other programs such as "Do A Shot" sponsored by Pro8mm and Kodak give individuals a chance to experience film by lending film and cameras to a select group at film festivals and trade events like this film festival at The Art Center College of Art & Design.[48]\nSeveral post-secondary institutions in the United States continue to utilize Super 8 in Film and Cinema programs. For example, both City College of San Francisco\'s Cinema Department and the University of North Texas\' Radio, Television and Film Department require the use of Super 8.\nThis experience provides students with the basics of film production and editing. Importantly, it also emphasizes the need for detailed pre-production planning, especially for in-camera edits. Further, the use of Super 8 leads students into the Regular 16 and Super 16 films shot in higher-level courses.\nIn popular culture[edit]\nThe plot of the 2011 film Super 8 involves a group of teenagers in the fictional Ohio town of Lillian filming their own Super 8 movie depicting their experience with a landlocked alien in the summer of 1979. One of the cameras featured in the film is a Kodak Ektasound 130 movie camera produced and sold by Kodak in the early 1970s.[citation needed]\nThe 2012 film Sinister contains Super 8 shots used to depict the various gruesome murders.\nSee also[edit]\nList of film formats\nList of silent films released on 8 mm or Super 8 mm film\nSuper 8 film camera\nWedding videography\nReferences[edit]\n^ Lenny, Lipton (1975). The Super 8 Book. San Francisco: Straight Arrow Books. p. 11. ISBN 0-87932-091-5. In May 1965, super 8 in its stubby, coaxial plastic cartridge arrived loaded with Type A indoor balanced Kodachrome II, billed as a universal film.\n^ Lipton, Lenny (1973). Independent Filmmaking (5. print (revised) ed.). San Francisco: Straight Arrow Books. p. 26. ISBN 0-87932-010-9. After several years of research, Kodak offered super 8 format film in Instamatic cartridges in 1965.\n^ Kodak. "Super 8 mm Film History". Kodak. Retrieved 12 February 2013. In April of 1965, this revolutionary new format was introduced...\n^ Williams, Dave (1996). "Transforming Super 8" (PDF). American Cinematographer.\n^ "Super 8 Cartridge Notch".\n^ "Canon Camera Museum | Camera Hall - Movie Cameras". Canon.com. Retrieved 2012-07-24.\n^ Popular Mechanics - Google Books. Hearst Magazines. October 1975. Retrieved 2012-07-24.\n^ Popular Mechanics - Google Books. Hearst Magazines. January 1978. Retrieved 2012-07-24.\n^ "Super8filmmaking.com". Archived from the original on 2004-11-19.\n^ "40th Anniversary of Super 8 film". Kodak.com. Archived from the original on 2007-11-24.\n^ "Kodachrome\'s road ends at Kansas photo lab". Archived from the original on 2010-12-31.\n^ "EKTACHROME Color Reversal Film". www.kodak.com.\n^ "シングル-8用フィルム「FUJICHROME R25N」「FUJICHROME RT200N」販売および現像終了のご案内 : お知らせ | 富士フイルム". Fujifilm.jp. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2012-07-24.\n^ Sleep Always\n^ Vigeant, Rhonda (March 2005). "New Widescreen Super 8 format pushes Super 8 to its Max" (PDF).\n^\na b Vigeant, Philip (March 2008). "Why and What Is Max 8...The Super 8 Widescreen Format".\n^ "Super 8 Film - Super 8 HD Scanning - Super 8 Cameras - Super 8 Processing". Pro8mm. Retrieved 2012-07-24.\n^ Logmar.dk Archived 2017-10-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 28 January 2016.\n^ "UltraPan8 Widescreen Film". December 2014.\n^ Kodak CES 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016.\n^ Goode, Lauren (5 January 2016). "Kodak\'s \'new\' gadget is a Super 8 film camera, and it kind of warms my heart". The Verge. Retrieved 27 January 2016.\n^ "Kodak Launches Super 8 Filmmaking Revival Initiative at CES 2016". Kodak. 5 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.\n^ "Canon Museum". Canon Museum. Canon.\n^ "A Bauer a brief History".\n^ "Nizo".\n^ "Pro8mm website".\n^ "Nikon Super 8 history".\n^ Silberg, Jon (January 2007). "Scheming Royals and a Self Destructive "Super Star". American Cinematographer.\n^ Chun, Rene (2014-07-31). "New Super 8 Camera Boost Vintage Film". Wired.\n^ Sax, David (January 27, 2016). "Kodak\'s Old School response to disruption". The New Yorker.\n^ Zhang, Michael (2017-09-13). "The Return of Kodak Ektachrome Film is Nigh". PetaPixel. Retrieved 2017-11-29.\n^ Mcdarris, Josh (2014). "Review : Pro8mm\'s Super 8 Film Kit". Blogspot. Archived from the original on 2016-10-12.\n^ Vigeant, Phil (2013). "Apricot Jam".\n^ Doyle, Bob (November 1972). "Super8 Sound".\n^ "Super 8 Double System".\n^ Berger, Ivan (October 1973). "New: A Kodak Super 8 that talks". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 2017-05-18.\n^ Inflight Entertainment Archived 2008-08-29 at the Wayback Machine\n^ Paul, Don (June 17, 2017). "Don Paul\'s early career: Brutal in Bangor, promise in Wichita". The Buffalo News. Retrieved June 17, 2017.\n^ Videography. "Globe Trekker: Around the World With PBS\' Travel Series". Videography.com.\n^ "Define Normal on the IMDB".\n^ "Supergr8 film festival".\n^ "Cambridge Super 8 Film Festival". Cambridge-super8.org. Retrieved 2012-07-24.\n^ "Rutgers Film Co-op | New Jersey Media Arts Center". Njfilmfest.com. Retrieved 2012-07-24.\n^ "Curta Super 8 Film Festival".\n^ "The first Super 8 picture show", Irish Times, June 19, 2010\n^ "CHICAGO 8: A Small Gauge Film Festival". Chicago8fest.org. Retrieved 2012-07-24.\n^ Vigeant, Phil. "Artree".\n^ Vigeant, Phil. "Art Center College of Design".\nhide\nvte\nEastman Kodak\nSubsidiaries\nChinon Industries Creo Kodak Express Qualex ESL Federal Credit Union\nCameras\nBrownie\nCanon EOS D2000 D6000 DCS 1 DCS 3\nCiné-Kodak Cine Special 16mm Cameras Instamatic Kodak 35 Kodak 35 Rangefinder Kodak Ektra\nKodak DC Series DC215 DC3200\nKodak DCS 100 300 series 400 series Pro 14n Pro SLR/c Pro SLR/n\nKodak EasyShare C1013 C300 C330 C340 C613 C813 CX4200 CX4230 DX4530 DX6440 DX6490 DX7590 P880 V570\nKodak Pony 828 Retina Retina Reflex Retinette Signet Starflash Stereo Camera Vigilant camera Z612 Zoom Digital Camera Z712 IS ZOOM digital camera Starmatic\nCamera film\n110 120 126 127 135 616 828 Disc Ektachrome Ektar Kodachrome Eastmancolor\nKodacolor Filmmaking Still photography\nHigh-Speed Infrared Portra T-MAX Tri-X Technical Pan\nOther products\nApproval proofer Autographic film Carousel slide projector Cinema Digital Sound Cineon Colorama KAF-10500 Keykode Kodacolor Technology Kodak Ektaprint Electronic Publishing System Kodak Ektra (phone) Kodak Gallery Kodak Proofing Software Kodak S-mount Kodak Ultima Kodascope KPR Picture CD Super 8 film Versamat\nMedia\nChanging Focus The Brownies\nTechnical\nstandards\nDX encoding Four Thirds system Micro Four Thirds system\nPeople\nGeorge Eastman\nPlaces\nEastman Business Park Kodak Heights (Building 9) Kodak Park Railroad Kodak Photo Spot Kodak Picture Kiosk Kodak, Tennessee Kodak Tower\nCourt cases\nKodak v. Worden Kodak v. Image Technical Services Vroegh v. Kodak\nProcesses\nC-22 C-41 RA-4 K-14 Eastman Color Negative Eastman Color Positive\nRelated\nUnion of Kodak Workers "You Press the Button, We Do the Rest" Sponsorships', 'num_links': 504, 'num_images': 14, 'last_edited': datetime.datetime(2021, 4, 13, 1, 41)}, {'title': '1980 in film', 'description': 'List of years in film\n… 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976\n1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983\n1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 …\nIn home video 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983\nIn television 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983\nArt Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +...\nYears in film\n1870s\nshow\n1880s\nshow\n1890s\nshow\n1900s\nshow\n1910s\nshow\n1920s\nshow\n1930s\nshow\n1940s\nshow\n1950s\nshow\n1960s\nshow\n1970s\nhide\n1980s\n1980 1981 1982 1983 1984\n1985 1986 1987 1988 1989\nshow\n1990s\nshow\n2000s\nshow\n2010s\nshow\n2020s\nvte\nThe following is an overview of events in 1980 in film, including the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies and festivals, a list of films released and notable deaths.\nContents\n1 Highest-grossing films (U.S.)\n2 Worldwide gross revenue\n3 Events\n4 Awards\n5 Notable films released in 1980\n5.1 #\n5.2 A\n5.3 B\n5.4 C\n5.5 D\n5.6 E\n5.7 F\n5.8 G\n5.9 H\n5.10 I\n5.11 J-K\n5.12 L\n5.13 M\n5.14 N\n5.15 O\n5.16 P-Q\n5.17 R\n5.18 S\n5.19 T\n5.20 UV\n5.21 W\n5.22 X\n5.23 Y\n5.24 Z\n6 1980 Wide-release movies\n6.1 January–March\n6.2 April–June\n6.3 July–September\n6.4 October–December\n7 Births\n8 Notable deaths\n9 Film debuts\n10 See also\n11 Notes\n12 References\nHighest-grossing films (U.S.)[edit]\nSee also: List of 1980 box office number-one films in the United States\nThe top ten 1980 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:\nHighest-grossing films of 1980[1]\nRank Title Distributor Box-office gross\n1 The Empire Strikes Back Fox $181,379,640[2]\n2 9 to 5 $103,290,500\n3 Stir Crazy Columbia $101,300,000\n4 Airplane! Paramount $83,453,539\n5 Any Which Way You Can Warner Bros. $70,687,344\n6 Private Benjamin $69,847,348\n7 Coal Miner\'s Daughter Universal $67,182,787\n8 Smokey and the Bandit II $66,132,626\n9 The Blue Lagoon Columbia $58,853,106\n10 The Blues Brothers Universal $57,229,890\nWorldwide gross revenue[edit]\nThe following table lists known worldwide gross revenue figures for several high-grossing films that originally released in 1980. Note that this list is incomplete and is therefore not representative of the highest-grossing films worldwide in 1980.\nTitle Gross Source Country\nThe Empire Strikes Back $538,375,067 [3] United States\nThe Gods Must Be Crazy $200,000,000 [4] South Africa\nAirplane! $158,000,000 [5] United States\nThe Blues Brothers $115,229,890 [6]\nEvents[edit]\nApril 29 – Sir Alfred Hitchcock, known as "the Master of Suspense", dies at his home in Bel Air, California, at the age of 80.\nMay 21 – The Empire Strikes Back is released and is the highest-grossing film of the year (just as its predecessor, Star Wars, was three years prior).\nMay 23 – The Shining is released. Notable for being the first "epic" horror film. It has since become one of the most referenced and popular films of all time.\nJune 9 – Richard Pryor sets himself on fire while free-basing cocaine and drinking 151-proof rum. Pryor ran down his street in Northridge, California, until subdued by police.\nJune 20 – The Blues Brothers is released, and in addition to becoming one of the top-grossing films of the year, it also became the first feature film to be based on characters created on Saturday Night Live.\nNovember 19 – Heaven\'s Gate becomes one of the biggest box office bombs of all-time and its colossal failure bankrupts United Artists.\nAllied Artists is sold to Lorimar Productions.\nAwards[edit]\nCategory/Organization 38th Golden Globe Awards\nJanuary 31, 1981 34th BAFTA Awards\nMarch 22, 1981 53rd Academy Awards\nMarch 31, 1981\nDrama Musical or Comedy\nBest Film Ordinary People Coal Miner\'s Daughter The Elephant Man Ordinary People\nBest Director Robert Redford\nOrdinary People Akira Kurosawa\nKagemusha Robert Redford\nOrdinary People\nBest Actor Robert De Niro\nRaging Bull Ray Sharkey\nThe Idolmaker John Hurt\nThe Elephant Man Robert De Niro\nRaging Bull\nBest Actress Mary Tyler Moore\nOrdinary People Sissy Spacek\nCoal Miner\'s Daughter Judy Davis\nMy Brilliant Career Sissy Spacek\nCoal Miner\'s Daughter\nBest Supporting Actor Timothy Hutton\nOrdinary People N/A Timothy Hutton\nOrdinary People\nBest Supporting Actress Mary Steenburgen\nMelvin and Howard N/A Mary Steenburgen\nMelvin and Howard\nBest Screenplay, Adapted William Peter Blatty\nThe Ninth Configuration Jerzy Kosinski\nBeing There Alvin Sargent\nOrdinary People\nBest Screenplay, Original Bo Goldman\nMelvin and Howard\nBest Original Score Dominic Frontiere\nThe Stunt Man John Williams\nThe Empire Strikes Back Michael Gore\nFame\nBest Original Song "Fame"\nFame N/A "Fame"\nFame\nBest Foreign Language Film Tess N/A Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears\nPalme d\'Or (Cannes Film Festival):\nAll That Jazz, directed by Bob Fosse, United States\nKagemusha, 影武者 (Shadow Warrior), directed by Akira Kurosawa, Japan\nGolden Lion (Venice Film Festival):\nAtlantic City, directed by Louis Malle, US / Canada / France\nGloria, directed by John Cassavetes, United States\nGolden Bear (Berlin Film Festival):\nHeartland, directed by Richard Pearce, United States\nPalermo or Wolfsburg (Palermo oder Wolfsburg), directed by Werner Schroeter, West Germany\nNotable films released in 1980[edit]\nUnited States unless stated\n#[edit]\n9 to 5, directed by Colin Higgins, starring Jane Fonda, Lily Tomlin, Dolly Parton, Dabney Coleman\nA[edit]\nThe Agency, starring Robert Mitchum, Lee Majors, Valerie Perrine – (Canada)\nAirplane!, starring Robert Hays, Julie Hagerty, Leslie Nielsen, Peter Graves, Lloyd Bridges, Robert Stack, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar\nAlien Dead, directed by Fred Olen Ray, starring Buster Crabbe\nAlligator, directed by Lewis Teague, starring Robert Forster, Robin Riker, and Michael Gazzo\nAltered States, directed by Ken Russell, starring William Hurt and Blair Brown\nAmerican Gigolo, directed by Paul Schrader, starring Richard Gere, Lauren Hutton and Héctor Elizondo\nAntropophagus, directed by Joe D\'Amato, starring George Eastman, Tisa Farrow, Zora Kerova, Saverio Vallone, and Serena Grandi (Italy)\nAny Which Way You Can, directed by Buddy Van Horn, starring Clint Eastwood, Geoffrey Lewis, William Smith, Barry Corbin, Ruth Gordon\nArrebato (Rapture), directed by Ivan Zulueta, starring Eusebio Poncela, and Cecilia Roth (Spain)\nAtlantic City (Released in the U.S. in 1981), directed by Louis Malle, starring Burt Lancaster and Susan Sarandon – (Canada/France) – Golden Lion winner\nThe Awakening, starring Charlton Heston, Susannah York and Stephanie Zimbalist – (U.K.)\nB[edit]\nBabylon, starring Brinsley Forde – (U.K.)\nA Bad Son (un mauvais fils), directed by Claude Sautet – (France)\nBad Timing, directed by Nicolas Roeg, starring Art Garfunkel, Theresa Russell, Harvey Keitel – (U.K.)\nThe Baltimore Bullet, starring James Coburn\nBerlin Alexanderplatz, a TV mini-series directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder, starring Gunther Lamprecht, Hanna Schygulla, Barbara Sukowa – (West Germany)\nThe Big Brawl, starring Jackie Chan – (Hong Kong/United States)\nThe Big Red One, directed by Samuel Fuller, starring Lee Marvin, Mark Hamill, Robert Carradine\nBizalom (Confidence), directed by István Szabó – (Hungary)\nThe Black Marble, directed by Harold Becker, starring Robert Foxworth, Paula Prentiss, Harry Dean Stanton\nThe Blood of Hussain, directed by Jamil Dehlavi – (Pakistan)\nThe Blue Lagoon, starring Brooke Shields and Christopher Atkins\nThe Blues Brothers, directed by John Landis, starring John Belushi, Dan Aykroyd, Cab Calloway, Carrie Fisher, John Candy, Henry Gibson\nBon Voyage, Charlie Brown (and Don\'t Come Back!!)\nBorderline, directed by Jerrold Freedman, starring Charles Bronson, Wilford Brimley, Bruno Kirby, Ed Harris, Kenneth McMillan, John Ashton\nBreaker Morant, directed by Bruce Beresford, starring Edward Woodward – (Australia)\nBronco Billy, directed by and starring Clint Eastwood, with Sondra Locke, Geoffrey Lewis, Sam Bottoms, Scatman Crothers\nBrubaker, directed by Stuart Rosenberg, starring Robert Redford, David Keith, Jane Alexander, Yaphet Kotto\nC[edit]\nCaboblanco, directed by J. Lee Thompson, starring Charles Bronson, Jason Robards, Dominique Sanda\nCaddyshack, directed by Harold Ramis, starring Chevy Chase, Rodney Dangerfield, Ted Knight, Michael O\'Keefe, Cindy Morgan, Bill Murray\nThe Candidate (Der Kandidat), directed by Volker Schlöndorff – (West Germany)\nCannibal Holocaust, directed by Ruggero Deodato, starring Robert Kerman – (Italy)\nCan\'t Stop the Music, directed by Nancy Walker, starring Valerie Perrine, Bruce Jenner, Steve Guttenberg, Village People\nCarny, starring Jodie Foster, Gary Busey and Robbie Robertson\nChann Pardesi, starring Kulbhushan Kharbanda and Om Puri – (India)\nA Change of Seasons, starring Shirley MacLaine, Anthony Hopkins, Bo Derek\nThe Changeling, starring George C. Scott – (Canada)\nCheech & Chong\'s Next Movie\nChildren\'s Island (Barnens ö) – (Sweden)\nLa Cicala (The Cicada), starring Anthony Franciosa and Virna Lisi – (Italy)\nCity of Women (La città delle donne), directed by Federico Fellini, starring Marcello Mastroianni – (Italy)\nThe Club, starring Jack Thompson – (Australia)\nCoal Miner\'s Daughter, starring Sissy Spacek and Tommy Lee Jones\nThe Competition, starring Richard Dreyfuss, Amy Irving, Lee Remick, Sam Wanamaker\nThe Constant Factor (Constans) – (Poland)\nThe Crime of Cuenca (El crimen de Cuenca) – (Spain)\nCruising, directed by William Friedkin, starring Al Pacino\nCutting It Short (Postřižiny), directed by Jiří Menzel – (Czechoslovakia)\nD[edit]\nDadar Kirti (Deeds of My Elder Brother) – (India)\nDeath Watch (La Mort en direct), directed by Bertrand Tavernier, starring Romy Schneider and Harvey Keitel – (France)\nDelusion directed by Alan Beattie, starring Patricia Pearcy and Joseph Cotten\nDie Laughing, starring Robby Benson and Bud Cort\nDinosaurs, starring Bob West\nThe Dogs of War, starring Christopher Walken – (US/UK)\nDostana (Friendship), starring Amitabh Bachchan – (India)\nDressed to Kill, directed by Brian De Palma, starring Michael Caine, Nancy Allen, Keith Gordon, Angie Dickinson\nE[edit]\nElisita – (Spain)\nThe Elephant Man, directed by David Lynch, starring John Hurt and Anthony Hopkins – (US/UK)\nThe Empire Strikes Back, directed by Irvin Kershner, starring Harrison Ford, Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Billy Dee Williams\nEncounters of the Spooky Kind (Gui da gui), directed by and starring Sammo Hung – (Hong Kong)\nEvery Man for Himself (Sauve qui peut (la vie)), directed by Jean-Luc Godard, starring Jacques Dutronc and Isabelle Huppert – (France)\nThe Exterminator, starring Robert Ginty and Samantha Eggar\nF[edit]\nFade to Black, starring Dennis Christopher\nThe Falls, directed by Peter Greenaway – (U.K.)\nFame, directed by Alan Parker, starring Irene Cara\nFatso, directed by and starring Anne Bancroft, with Dom DeLuise\nThe Final Countdown, starring Kirk Douglas, Katharine Ross, Martin Sheen\nThe First Deadly Sin, starring Frank Sinatra, David Dukes, Martin Gabel, Brenda Vaccaro, Faye Dunaway\nFirst Family, directed by Buck Henry, starring Bob Newhart, Madeline Kahn, Gilda Radner\nFlash Gordon, directed by Mike Hodges, starring Sam J. Jones, Melody Anderson, Chaim Topol – (US/UK)\nThe Fog, directed by John Carpenter, starring Adrienne Barbeau and Jamie Lee Curtis\nFoolin\' Around, starring Gary Busey, Annette O\'Toole, Eddie Albert, Cloris Leachman\nThe Formula, starring George C. Scott and Marlon Brando\nFoxes, directed by Adrian Lyne, starring Jodie Foster, Cherie Currie, Scott Baio and Adam Faith\nFriday the 13th, directed by Sean S. Cunningham, starring Betsy Palmer, Adrienne King and Harry Crosby\nG[edit]\nThe Gamekeeper, directed by Ken Loach – (U.K.)\nGamera: Super Monster (Uchu Kaijū Gamera) – (Japan)\nGermany, Pale Mother (Deutschland bleiche Mutter), starring Eva Mattes – (West Germany)\nGilda Live, starring Gilda Radner, Father Guido Sarducci\nGloria, directed by John Cassavetes, starring Gena Rowlands – Golden Lion winner\nThe Gods Must Be Crazy, directed by Jamie Uys, starring N!xau, Sandra Prinsloo and Marius Weyers – (South Africa)\nGood Riddance (Les Bons débarras) – (Canada)\nThe Great Rock \'n\' Roll Swindle, a mockumentary directed by Julien Temple, featuring The Sex Pistols and Malcolm McLaren – (U.K.)\nH[edit]\nHangar 18, starring Darren McGavin and Robert Vaughn\nHealth, a.k.a. H.E.A.L.T.H., directed by Robert Altman, starring Carol Burnett, Lauren Bacall, Glenda Jackson, James Garner\nHeart Beat, starring Nick Nolte, Sissy Spacek, John Heard\nHe Knows You\'re Alone, starring Don Scardino and Caitlin O\'Heaney\nHeaven\'s Gate, directed by Michael Cimino, starring Kris Kristofferson, Christopher Walken, Isabelle Huppert, John Hurt, Sam Waterston, Jeff Bridges\nHerbie Goes Bananas, directed by Vincent McEveety, starring Cloris Leachman, Harvey Korman and Charles Martin Smith\nHero at Large, starring John Ritter and Anne Archer\nHey Babe!, starring Yasmine Bleeth and Buddy Hackett – (Canada)\nHirak Rajar Deshe (Kingdom of Diamonds), directed by Satyajit Ray – (India)\nThe Hit (Trhák) – (Czechoslovakia)\nHome Movies, directed by Brian De Palma, starring Kirk Douglas, Vincent Gardenia, Gerrit Graham, Nancy Allen\nHopscotch, directed by Ronald Neame, starring Walter Matthau and Glenda Jackson\nHow to Beat the High Cost of Living, starring Susan Saint James, Jessica Lange, Jane Curtin, Dabney Coleman, Richard Benjamin\nHumanoids from the Deep, starring Vic Morrow, Doug McClure, Ann Turkel\nThe Hunter, starring Steve McQueen (in his final film), Kathryn Harrold, LeVar Burton, Ben Johnson, Eli Wallach\nI[edit]\nThe Idolmaker, directed by Taylor Hackford, starring Ray Sharkey and Peter Gallagher\nInferno, directed by Dario Argento – (Italy)\nInside Moves, directed by Richard Donner, starring John Savage, David Morse, Diana Scarwid\nThe Island, directed by Michael Ritchie, starring Michael Caine\nIt\'s My Turn, directed by Claudia Weill, starring Jill Clayburgh, Michael Douglas, Charles Grodin\nJ-K[edit]\nThe Jazz Singer, starring Neil Diamond, Lucie Arnaz, Laurence Olivier\nJust Tell Me What You Want, directed by Sidney Lumet, starring Ali MacGraw, Alan King, Peter Weller, Myrna Loy\nKarz (In Debt), starring Rishi Kapoor – (India)\nKagemusha, directed by Akira Kurosawa, starring Tatsuya Nakadai, Tsutomu Yamazaki, Kenichi Hagiwara – (Japan) – Palme d\'Or winner\nKhubsoorat, starring Ashok Kumar and Rekha – (India)\nKlondike Fever, starring Jeff East, Rod Steiger, Angie Dickinson, Gordon Pinsent – (Canada)\nL[edit]\nLadies\' Choice (Dami Kanyat), directed by Ivan Andonov, starring Stefan Danailov – (Bulgaria)\nThe Last Flight of Noah\'s Ark, starring Elliott Gould, Geneviève Bujold, Ricky Schroder\nThe Last Married Couple in America, starring Natalie Wood, George Segal, Valerie Harper, Richard Benjamin\nThe Last Metro (Le dernier metro), directed by François Truffaut, starring Catherine Deneuve and Gérard Depardieu – (France)\nThe Last Witness (Choehuui jeungin) – (South Korea)\nThe Lathe of Heaven, starring Bruce Davison\nLegend of Tianyun Mountain (Tiān yún shān chuán qí) – (China)\nThe Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter, a documentary film\nLittle Darlings, starring Tatum O\'Neal, Kristy McNichol, Armand Assante and Matt Dillon\nLittle Miss Marker, starring Walter Matthau, Julie Andrews, Tony Curtis, Bob Newhart\nThe Long Good Friday, directed by John Mackenzie, starring Bob Hoskins and Helen Mirren – (U.K.)\nThe Long Riders, directed by Walter Hill, starring the Keach brothers, Carradine brothers and Quaid brothers\nLoulou, starring Isabelle Huppert and Gérard Depardieu – (France)\nLoving Couples, directed by Jack Smight, starring Shirley MacLaine, James Coburn, Stephen Collins, Susan Sarandon\nM[edit]\nThe Magician of Lublin, starring Alan Arkin, Valerie Perrine, Louise Fletcher\nThe Man with Bogart\'s Face, starring Robert Sacchi, Misty Rowe, Victor Buono, Yvonne De Carlo, Herbert Lom\nManila by Night – (Philippines)\nMcVicar, directed by Tom Clegg, starring Roger Daltrey, Adam Faith, Cheryl Campbell – (U.K.)\nMelvin and Howard, directed by Jonathan Demme, starring Paul Le Mat, Jason Robards, Mary Steenburgen\nMidnight Madness\nThe Mirror Crack\'d, directed by Guy Hamilton, starring Angela Lansbury, Elizabeth Taylor, Kim Novak, Tony Curtis, Rock Hudson – (U.K.)\nMon oncle d\'Amérique, directed by Alain Resnais, starring Gérard Depardieu – (France) – Cannes Special Jury Prize\nMotel Hell, starring Rory Calhoun\nMother\'s Day, starring Nancy Hendrickson\nThe Mountain Men, starring Charlton Heston and Brian Keith\nMy Bodyguard, directed by Tony Bill, starring Matt Dillon, Adam Baldwin, Chris Makepeace, Martin Mull\nN[edit]\nThe Nest (El Nido) – (Spain)\nNightkill, starring Robert Mitchum\nNijinsky, starring George de la Peña and Alan Bates\nThe Ninth Configuration, directed by William Peter Blatty, starring Stacy Keach, Scott Wilson, Jason Miller\nO[edit]\nO Megalexandros (Alexander the Great), directed by Theodoros Angelopoulos – (Greece)\nOh, God! Book II, starring George Burns\nOne Trick Pony, written by and starring Paul Simon, with Blair Brown, Joan Hackett, Rip Torn\nThe Orchestra Conductor (Dyrygent), directed by Andrzej Wajda, starring John Gielgud – (Poland)\nOrdinary People, directed by Robert Redford, starring Donald Sutherland, Mary Tyler Moore, Timothy Hutton, Judd Hirsch, Elizabeth McGovern\nOut of the Blue, directed by and starring Dennis Hopper, with Linda Manz, Raymond Burr – (Canada)\nP-Q[edit]\nPepi, Luci, Bom, directed by Pedro Almodóvar – (Spain)\nPalermo or Wolfsburg – (West Germany) – Golden Bear winner\nPermanent Vacation, directed by Jim Jarmusch\nThe Pilot, directed by and starring Cliff Robertson, with Diane Baker and Gordon MacRae\nPlaying for Time, directed by Daniel Mann, starring Vanessa Redgrave and Jane Alexander\nPopeye, directed by Robert Altman, starring Robin Williams and Shelley Duvall\nPray TV, starring Dabney Coleman\nPrivate Benjamin, directed by Howard Zieff, starring Goldie Hawn, Eileen Brennan, Armand Assante, Robert Webber, Harry Dean Stanton\nThe Private Eyes, starring Tim Conway and Don Knotts\nProm Night, starring Leslie Nielsen and Jamie Lee Curtis\nQurbani (Sacrifice), directed by and starring Feroz Khan – (India)\nR[edit]\nRaging Bull, directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Robert De Niro, Joe Pesci, Cathy Moriarty\nResurrection, starring Ellen Burstyn and Eva Le Gallienne\nThe Return of the King, animated film, voices of Orson Bean, John Huston, William Conrad\nReturn of the Secaucus 7, directed by John Sayles\nEl Retorno del Hombre Lobo (Return of the Werewolf) – (Spain)\nRoadie, directed by Alan Rudolph, starring Meat Loaf and Kaki Hunter\nLe Roi et l\'oiseau (The King and the Mocking Bird), animated film – (France)\nRockshow, concert film featuring Paul McCartney and Wings – (U.K.)\nRough Cut, directed by Don Siegel, starring Burt Reynolds, Lesley-Anne Down, David Niven\nRude Boy, a rockumentary featuring The Clash – (U.K.)\nS[edit]\nSällskapsresan (The Charter Trip), directed by and starring Lasse Åberg – (Sweden)\nSaturn 3, directed by Stanley Donen, starring Farrah Fawcett, Kirk Douglas, Harvey Keitel\nThe Sea Wolves, starring Gregory Peck, David Niven, Roger Moore – (UK/US/Switzerland)\nSee You in the Next War (enja u sledećem ratu) – (Yugoslavia)\nSeems Like Old Times, starring Goldie Hawn, Chevy Chase and Charles Grodin\nSerial, starring Martin Mull, Tuesday Weld, Christopher Lee, Bill Macy, Sally Kellerman, Tom Smothers\nThe Shining, directed by Stanley Kubrick, starring Jack Nicholson, Shelley Duvall, Danny Lloyd, Scatman Crothers\nSimon, starring Alan Arkin\nA Small Circle of Friends, starring Brad Davis and Karen Allen\nSmokey and the Bandit II, directed by Hal Needham, starring Burt Reynolds, Sally Field, Jackie Gleason, Jerry Reed and Dom DeLuise\nSolo Sunny – (East Germany)\nSomewhere in Time, starring Christopher Reeve and Jane Seymour\nSpecial Treatment (Poseban tretman) – (Yugoslavia)\nStardust Memories, directed by and starring Woody Allen, with Charlotte Rampling and Jessica Harper\nStir Crazy, directed by Sidney Poitier, starring Richard Pryor and Gene Wilder\nStalker, directed by Andrei Tarkovsky and released in 1979 but later released in 1980\nThe Stunt Man, directed by Richard Rush, starring Peter O\'Toole, Barbara Hershey, Steve Railsback\nSunday Lovers, starring Gene Wilder, Roger Moore, Lino Ventura\nSuperman II, starring Christopher Reeve, Gene Hackman, Margot Kidder, Terence Stamp\nT[edit]\nTerror Train, starring Ben Johnson, Jamie Lee Curtis, Hart Bochner\nLa terrazza (The Terrace), starring Marcello Mastroianni, Vittorio Gassman, Ugo Tognazzi – (Italy)\nThat Sinking Feeling, directed by Bill Forsyth, starring John Gordon Sinclair – (U.K.)\nThose Lips, Those Eyes, starring Frank Langella, Glynnis O\'Connor, Tom Hulce\nTimes Square, directed by Allen Moyle, starring Robin Johnson, Trini Alvarado, Tim Curry\nTo Love the Damned (Maledetti vi amerò) – (Italy)\nTom Horn, starring Steve McQueen, Richard Farnsworth, Linda Evans\nTribute, starring Jack Lemmon – (Canada)\nTwelve Months (Sekai Meisaku Douwa Mori wa Ikiteiru / Dvenadtsat mesyatsev) – (Japan/U.S.S.R.)\nUV[edit]\nThe Unseen, starring Barbara Bach and Stephen Furst\nUp the Academy, directed by Robert Downey Sr.\nUrban Cowboy, directed by James Bridges, starring John Travolta, Debra Winger, Scott Glenn, Madolyn Smith, Barry Corbin\nUsed Cars, directed by Robert Zemeckis, starring Kurt Russell, Deborah Harmon, Jack Warden, Gerrit Graham\nVirus (Fukkatsu no hi), starring Sonny Chiba and Glenn Ford – (Japan)\nLe Voyage en douce, starring Dominique Sanda and Geraldine Chaplin – (France)\nW[edit]\nWaiter, Scarper! (Vrchní, prchni!) – (Czechoslovakia)\nThe Watcher in the Woods, starring Bette Davis – (UK/US)\nWhen Time Ran Out, starring Paul Newman, Jacqueline Bisset, William Holden, Burgess Meredith, Ernest Borgnine, Red Buttons\nWhere the Buffalo Roam, directed by Art Linson, starring Bill Murray and Peter Boyle\nWholly Moses!, starring Dudley Moore, Laraine Newman, Paul Sand, Dom DeLuise\nWho\'s Singin\' Over There? (Ko to tamo peva) – (Yugoslavia)\nWhy Would I Lie?, starring Treat Williams, Lisa Eichhorn, Valerie Curtin\nWillie & Phil, directed by Paul Mazursky, starring Margot Kidder, Ray Sharkey, Michael Ontkean\nWindows, starring Talia Shire and Elizabeth Ashley\nWitches\' Brew, starring Teri Garr and Richard Benjamin\nX[edit]\nXanadu, starring Olivia Newton-John, Michael Beck, Gene Kelly\nY[edit]\nThe Young Master (Shi di chu ma), directed by and starring Jackie Chan – (Hong Kong)\nYūgure made – (Japan)\nZ[edit]\nZigeunerweisen (Gypsy Airs), directed by Seijun Suzuki – (Japan)\n1980 Wide-release movies[edit]\nUnited States unless stated\nJanuary–March[edit]\nOpening Title Studio Cast and crew Genre Medium\nJ\nA\nN\nU\nA\nR\nY 18 Cardiac Arrest Film Ventures International Murray Mintz (director/screenplay); Max Gail, Garry Goodrow, Mike Paul Chan, Ray Reinhardt, Robert Behling, Susan O\'Connell, Fred Ward Slasher, Thriller Live action\nJust Tell Me What You Want Warner Bros. Sidney Lumet (director); Jay Presson Allen (screenplay); Ali MacGraw, Alan King, Peter Weller, Myrna Loy, Dina Merrill, Keenan Wynn, Tony Roberts, Judy Kaye, Joseph Maher Comedy Live action\nWindows United Artists / Mike Lobell Productions Gordon Willis (director); Barry Siegel (screenplay); Talia Shire, Joseph Cortese, Elizabeth Ashley, Kay Medford, Michael Lipton, Ron Ryan, Michael Gorrin, Russell Horton, Rick Petrucelli, Tony DiBenedetto, Marty Greene, Gerry Vichi Thriller Live action\n22 In Search of Historic Jesus Sunn Classic Pictures Henning Schellerup (director); Jack Jacobs, Lee Roddy, Charles E. Sellier Jr., Robert Starling, Malvin Wald (screenplay); John Rubinstein, Brad Crandall Documentary Live action\n23 Caboblanco AVCO Embassy Pictures J. Lee Thompson (director); Morton S. Fine, Milton S. Gelman (screenplay); Charles Bronson, Jason Robards, Dominique Sanda, Fernando Rey, Denny Miller, Simon MacCorkindale, Camilla Sparv, Gilbert Roland, Clifton James Drama Live action\n30 To All a Goodnight Intercontinental Releasing Corporation / Four Features Partners David Hess (director); Alex Rebar (screenplay); Jennifer Runyon, Forrest Swanson, Linda Gentile, William Lauer, Judith Bridges, Katherine Herrington, Buck West, Sam Shamshak, Angela Bath, Denise Stearns, Solomon Trager, Jeff Butts, Dan Stryker Slasher Live action\nF\nE\nB\nR\nU\nA\nR\nY 1 American Gigolo Paramount Pictures Paul Schrader (director/screenplay); Richard Gere, Lauren Hutton, Nina van Pallandt, Tom Stewart, Robert Wightman, David Cryer, Brian Davies, Richard Derr, Bill Duke, Héctor Elizondo, Frances Bergen, Carol Bruce, K Callan, Patricia Carr, Carole Cook, MacDonald Carey, William Dozier Neo-Noir, Crime, Drama Live action\nFatso 20th Century Fox / Brooksfilms Anne Bancroft (director/screenplay); Dom DeLuise, Anne Bancroft, Candice Azzara, Ron Carey, David Comfort, Richard Karron, Michael Lombard, Ralph Manza, Estelle Reiner, Natasha Ryan, Sal Viscuso, Paul Zegler, Father Bob Curtis Comedy, Drama Live action\nSimon Orion Pictures Marshall Brickman (director/screenplay); Alan Arkin, Madeline Kahn, Austin Pendleton, Judy Graubart, William Finley, Wallace Shawn, Jayant, Max Wright, Fred Gwynne, Adolph Green, Keith Szarabajka, Ann Risley, Rex Robbins, David Warrilow, Louise Lasser, Dick Cavett, Pierre Epstein, Roy Cooper, Hetty Galen Comedy Live action\n8 2001: A Space Odyssey (re-release) Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Stanley Kubrick (director/screenplay); Arthur C. Clarke (screenplay); Keir Dullea, Gary Lockwood, William Sylvester, Daniel Richter, Leonard Rossiter, Margaret Tyzack, Robert Beatty, Sean Sullivan, Douglas Rain, Edward Bishop, Penny Brahms, Alan Gifford, Ann Gillis, Vivian Kubrick, Kenneth Kendall, Frank Miller, Edwina Carroll, Heather Downham, Maggie d\'Abo, Chela Matthison, Judy Keirn Epic, Sci-Fi Live action\nHero at Large United Artists Martin Davidson (director); AJ Carothers (screenplay); John Ritter, Anne Archer, Bert Convy, Kevin McCarthy, Harry Bellaver, Leonard Harris, Kevin Bacon, Dr. Joyce Brothers, Robin Sherwood, Penny Crone, Jane Hallaren Superhero, Comedy Live action\nThe Fog AVCO Embassy Pictures John Carpenter (director/screenplay); Debra Hill (screenplay); Adrienne Barbeau, Jamie Lee Curtis, John Houseman, Janet Leigh, Hal Holbrook, Tom Atkins, Nancy Loomis, Charles Cyphers, George Buck Flower, Darwin Joston, Rob Bottin, John Carpenter, Ty Mitchell, James Canning, John F. Goff, Regina Waldon Horror Live action\nThe Last Married Couple in America Universal Pictures Gilbert Cates (director); John Herman Shaner (screenplay); George Segal, Natalie Wood, Richard Benjamin, Valerie Harper, Dom DeLuise, Bob Dishy, Arlene Golonka, Allan Arbus, Priscilla Barnes, Catherine Hickland, Sondra Currie, Oliver Clark Comedy Live action\nMidnight Madness Walt Disney Productions / Buena Vista Distribution Michael Nankin, David Wechter (directors/screenplay); David Naughton, Michael J. Fox, Stephen Furst, Maggie Roswell, Eddie Deezen, Dirk Blocker, Patricia Alice Albrecht, Andy Tennant, Irene Tedrow, John Fiedler, Charlie Brill, Loretta Tupper, Marvin Kaplan, Georgia Schmidt, Paul Reubens, John Voldstad, Emily Greer, Debra Clinger, Brad Wilkin, Alan Solomon, Debi Richter, Kirsten Baker, Ceil Gabot, Tony Salome Comedy Live action\nThe Young Master Golden Harvest / Media Asia Group Jackie Chan (director/screenplay); Edward Tang, Lau Tin-chi, Tung Lu (screenplay); Jackie Chan, Yuen Biao, Fung Fung, Shih Kien, Tien Feng, Lee Hoi-sang, Lily Li, Hwang In-Shik, Fung Hak-kun, Wei Pai, Fan Mei, Yue Tau-ean, Bruce Tang Yim-chan Action, Martial Arts Live action\n15 Caligula Produzioni Atlas Consorziate (P.A.C.) / Analysis Film Releasing Corporation Tinto Brass, Bob Guccione (directors/screenplay); Malcolm McDowell (screenplay); Malcolm McDowell, Teresa Ann Savoy, Helen Mirren, Peter O\'Toole, John Gielgud, Guido Mannari, Patrick Allen, Giancarlo Badessi, Adriana Asti, Leopoldo Trieste, Paolo Bonacelli, Joss Ackland, John Steiner, Mirella D\'Angelo, Richard Parets, Osiride Pevarello, Anneka Di Lorenzo, Bruno Brive, Paula Mitchell, Donato Placido, Lori Wagner, Valerie Rae Clark, Susanne Saxon, Jane Hargrave, Carolyn Patsis, Bonnie Dee Wilson Historical, Drama Live action\nCruising United Artists / Lorimar Film Entertainment William Friedkin (director/screenplay); Al Pacino, Paul Sorvino, Karen Allen, Richard Cox, Don Scardino, Joe Spinell, Jay Acovone, Randy Jurgensen, Barton Heyman, Gene Davis, Arnaldo Santana, Larry Atlas, Allan Miller, Sonny Grosso, Edward O\'Neill, Michael Aronin, James Remar, William Russ, Mike Starr, Leo Burmester, Henry Judd Baker, Steve Inwood, Keith Prentice, Leland Starnes, Powers Boothe Crime, Thriller Live action\nMad Max Warner Bros. / Roadshow Film Distributors / Kennedy Miller Productions George Miller (director/screenplay); James McCausland (screenplay); Mel Gibson, Joanne Samuel, Hugh Keays-Byrne, Steve Bisley, Tim Burns, Roger Ward, Geoff Parry, Jonathan Hardy, Brendan Heath, Sheila Florence, John Ley, Steve Millichamp, Vincent Gil, Lulu Pinkus, Reg Evans, Karen Moregold Action, Thriller Live action\nSaturn 3 ITC Film Distribution Stanley Donen (director); Martin Amis (screenplay); Farrah Fawcett, Kirk Douglas, Harvey Keitel, Roy Dotrice, Ed Bishop Sci-Fi Live action\n25 Scruples CBS / Warner Bros. Television Distribution Alan J. Levi (director); James Lee (teleplay); Lindsay Wagner, Barry Bostwick, Marie-France Pisier, Efrem Zimbalist Jr., Kim Cattrall, Gene Tierney, Nick Mancuso, Gavin MacLeod, Connie Stevens, Robert Reed, Gary Graham Romance, Drama Live action\n29 Good Riddance Pan-Canadian Film Distributors Francis Mankiewicz (director); Réjean Ducharme (screenplay); Charlotte Laurier, Marie Tifo, Germain Houde, Louise Marleau, Roger Lebel, Gilbert Sicotte, Serge Thériault, Jean Pierre Bergeron, Leo Ilial Drama Live action\nDon\'t Answer the Phone Crown International Pictures Robert Hammer (director/screenplay); Michael D. Castle (screenplay); James Westmoreland, Denise Galik, Nicholas Worth, Ben Frank, Flo Garrish, Stan Haze, Gary Allen, Michael D. Castle, Pamela Jean Bryant Horror Live action\nFoxes United Artists / PolyGram Pictures / Casablanca Records & Filmworks Adrian Lyne (director); Gerald Ayres (screenplay); Jodie Foster, Scott Baio, Sally Kellerman, Randy Quaid, Cherie Currie, Lois Smith, Laura Dern, Robert Romanus, Adam Faith, Marilyn Kagan, Kandice Stroh Coming-of-Age, Drama Live action\nThe Ninth Configuration Warner Bros. / United Film Distribution William Peter Blatty (director/screenplay); Stacy Keach, Scott Wilson, Jason Miller, Ed Flanders, Neville Brand, George DiCenzo, Moses Gunn, Robert Loggia, Joe Spinell, Alejandro Rey, Tom Atkins, Steve Sandor, Richard Lynch, William Peter Blatty Drama Live action\nS*H*E Nb Productions Robert Michael Lewis (director); Richard Maibaum (screenplay); Cornelia Sharpe, Omar Sharif, Robert Lansing, Anita Ekberg, Fabio Testi, William Traylor, Isabella Rye, Tom Christopher, Mario Colli, Claudio Ruffini, Geoffrey Copleston, Fortunato Arena, Gino Marturano, Emilio Messina, Rory Maclean, Fritz Hammer Spy Live action\nM\nA\nR\nC\nH 7 Coal Miner\'s Daughter Universal Pictures Michael Apted (director); Tom Rickman (screenplay); Sissy Spacek, Tommy Lee Jones, Beverly D\'Angelo, Levon Helm, William Sanderson, Grant Turner, Ernest Tubb, Roy Acuff, Minnie Pearl, Bob Elkins, Phyllis Boyens, Bob Hannah Biography, Musical Live action\nLady and the Tramp (re-release) Walt Disney Productions / Buena Vista Film Distribution Clyde Geronimi, Wilfred Jackson, Hamilton Luske (directors); Barbara Luddy, Larry Roberts, Bill Thompson, Dallas McKennon, Bill Baucom, Verna Felton, Peggy Lee, George Givot, Lee Millar, Stan Freberg, Alan Reed, Thurl Ravenscroft, The Mellomen Musical, Romance Animation\nPermanent Vacation Cinesthesia Jim Jarmusch (director/screenplay); Richard Boes, Ruth Bolton, Sara Driver, María Duval, Frankie Faison, Jane Fire, Suzanne Fletcher, Leila Gastil, Chris Hameon, John Lurie, Eric Mitchell, Chris Parker, Lisa Rosen, Felice Rosser, Evelyn Smith, Charlie Spademan Comedy, Drama Live action\n14 Defiance American International Pictures John Flynn (director); Thomas Michael Donnelly, Mark Tulin (screenplay); Jan-Michael Vincent, Theresa Saldana, Art Carney, Danny Aiello, Rudy Ramos, Lenny Montana, Joseph Campanella, Santos Morales, Frank Pesce, Fernando López Action, Neo-Noir, Crime Live action\nA Small Circle of Friends United Artists Rob Cohen (director); Tim Zinnemann (screenplay); Brad Davis, Karen Allen, Jameson Parker, Shelley Long, Peter Mark Drama Live action\n15 Breaker Morant Roadshow Film Distributors Bruce Beresford (director/screenplay); Jonathan Hardy, David Stevens (screenplay); Edward Woodward, Jack Thompson, John Waters, Bryan Brown, Charles \'Bud\' Tingwell, Terence Donovan, Ray Meagher, Lewis Fitz-Gerald, Rod Mullinar, Frank Wilson, David Wenham, Alan Cassell, Vincent Ball, Chris Haywood, Russell Kiefel, Rob Steele, Chris Smith, Frank Wilson, Bruno Knez War, Drama Live action\n21 Forbidden Zone The Samuel Goldwyn Company Richard Elfman (director/screenplay); Matthew Bright, Nick James, Nick L. Martinson (screenplay); Hervé Villechaize, Susan Tyrrell, Marie-Pascale Elfman, Danny Elfman, Gisele Lindley, Jan Stuart Schwartz, Virginia Rose, Ugh-Fudge Bwana, Phil Gordon, Hyman Diamond, Toshiro Boloney, Viva, Joe Spinell, The Kipper Kids, Kedric Wolfe, Herman Bernstein, Richard Elfman Musical, Fantasy, Comedy Live action\nLittle Darlings Paramount Pictures Ronald F. Maxwell (director); Kimi Peck, Dalene Young (screenplay); Tatum O\'Neal, Kristy McNichol, Armand Assante, Matt Dillon, Maggie Blye, Nicolas Coster, Marianne Gordon, Krista Errickson, Alexa Kenin, Cynthia Nixon, Mary Betten, Abby Bluestone, Troas Hayes, Simone Schachter, Jenn Thompson Teen, Comedy, Drama Live action\nLittle Miss Marker Universal Pictures Walter Bernstein (director/screenplay); Damon Runyon (screenplay); Walter Matthau, Julie Andrews, Tony Curtis, Bob Newhart, Sara Stimson, Brian Dennehy, Kenneth McMillan, Lee Grant, Andrew Rubin, Ralph Manza Comedy, Drama Live action\nNijinsky Paramount Pictures / Hera Productions Herbert Ross (director); Hugh Wheeler, Romola Nijinsky, Vaslav Nijinsky (screenplay); Alan Bates, Leslie Browne, George de la Peña, Alan Badel, Colin Blakely, Carla Fracci, Ronald Pickup, Vernon Dobtcheff, Frederick Jaeger, Janet Suzman, Siân Phillips, Ronald Lacey, Jeremy Irons, Anton Dolin, Hetty Baynes Biography Live action\n28 The Changeling Pan-Canadian Film Distributors / Chessman Park Productions Peter Medak (director); William Gray, Diana Maddox (screenplay); George C. Scott, Trish Van Devere, Melvyn Douglas, John Colicos, Jean Marsh, Helen Burns, Madeleine Sherwood, Barry Morse, Helen Burns, Frances Hyland, Eric Christmas, Roberta Maxwell, J. Kenneth Campbell, Janne Mortil, Terence Kelly, Antonia Rey, Louis Zorich, Bernard Behrens, James B. Douglas, Michelle Martin, Voldi Way Horror Live action\nGilda Live Warner Bros. Mike Nichols (director); Anne Beatts, Lorne Michaels, Marilyn Suzanne Miller, Don Novello, Michael O\'Donoghue, Gilda Radner, Paul Shaffer, Rosie Shuster, Alan Zweibel (screenplay); Gilda Radner Comedy, Documentary Live action\nSerial Paramount Pictures Bill Persky (director); Rich Eustis, Michael Elias (screenplay); Martin Mull, Tuesday Weld, Jennifer McAllister, Sally Kellerman, Bill Macy, Pamela Bellwood, Peter Bonerz, Christopher Lee, Sam Chew Jr., Nita Talbot, Barbara Rhoades, Stacey Nelkin, Tom Smothers, Clark Brandon, Robin Sherwood, Anthony Battaglia, Ann Weldon, Patch Mackenzie, Paul Rossilli Comedy Live action\nTom Horn Warner Bros. / First Artists / Solar Productions William Wiard (director); Thomas McGuane, Bud Shrake (screenplay); Steve McQueen, Linda Evans, Richard Farnsworth, Billy Green Bush, Slim Pickens, Elisha Cook, Roy Jenson, James Kline, Geoffrey Lewis, Harry Northup, Steve Oliver, Bill Thurman, Bobby Bass, Mickey Jones, Mel Novak, Chuck Hayward, Clark Coleman, Drummond Barclay, Peter Canon, Bert Williams Western Live action\nWhen Time Ran Out Warner Bros. James Goldstone (director); Carl Foreman, Stirling Silliphant (screenplay); Paul Newman, Jacqueline Bisset, William Holden, Edward Albert, Red Buttons, Barbara Carrera, Valentina Cortese, Veronica Hamel, Alex Karras, Burgess Meredith, Ernest Borgnine, James Franciscus, John Considine, Sheila Allen, Pat Morita, Lonny Chapman, Sandy Kenyon, Ava Readdy, Glynn Rubin Disaster Live action\nApril–June[edit]\nOpening Title Studio Cast and crew Genre Medium\nA\nP\nR\nI\nL 1 The Baltimore Bullet AVCO Embassy Pictures Robert Ellis Miller (director); John Brascia, Robert Vincent O\'Neil (screenplay); James Coburn, Omar Sharif, Bruce Boxleitner, Ronee Blakley, Jack O\'Halloran, Calvin Lockhart, Michael Lerner, Rockne Tarkington, Paul Barselou Comedy Live action\n7 Health 20th Century Fox / Lion\'s Gate Films Robert Altman (director/screenplay); Frank Barhydt, Paul Dooley (screenplay); Carol Burnett, Glenda Jackson, James Garner, Lauren Bacall, Paul Dooley, Henry Gibson, Alfre Woodard, Donald Moffat, Dick Cavett, Dinah Shore, Nancy Foster, Nathalie Blossom, Julie Janney, Patty Katz, Diane Shaffer Comedy Live action\nNorth Sea Hijack Universal/CIC Andrew V. McLaglen (director); Jack Davies (screenplay); Roger Moore, Lea Brodie, James Mason, Anthony Perkins, Michael Parks, David Hedison, Jack Watson, George Baker, Jeremy Clyde, David Wood, Faith Brook, Anthony Pullen Shaw, Philip O\'Brien, John Westbrook, Jennifer Hilary, John Lee Action Live action\n10 Bad Timing World Northal Nicolas Roeg (director); Yale Udoff (screenplay); Art Garfunkel, Theresa Russell, Harvey Keitel, Denholm Elliott, Daniel Massey, Dana Gillespie, William Hootkins, Eugene Lipinski, Ania Marson, Lex van Delden, Gertan Klauber, George Roubicek, Robert Walker, Stefan Gryff, Sevilla Delofski Drama Live action\nHome Movies United Artists Brian De Palma (director); Kim Ambler, Dana Edelman, Robert Harders, Stephen Le May, Charlie Loventhal, Gloria Norris (screenplay); Kirk Douglas, Nancy Allen, Keith Gordon, Vincent Gardenia, Gerrit Graham, Theresa Saldana Comedy Live action\n17 The Private Eyes New World Pictures / The Private Eyes Partners Limited Lang Elliott (director); Tim Conway, John Myhers (screenplay); Tim Conway, Don Knotts, Trisha Noble, John Fujioka, Bernard Fox, Grace Zabriskie, Stan Ross, Irwin Keyes, Suzy Mandel Comedy, Mystery Live action\nStalker Goskino / Mosfilm Andrei Tarkovsky (director/screenplay); Boris Strugatsky, Arkady Strugatsky (screenplay); Alexander Kaidanovsky, Anatoly Solonitsyn, Nikolai Grinko, Alisa Freindlich, Sergei Yakovlev, Natasha Abramova, Faime Jurno, E. Kostin, Raymo Rendi, Vladimir Zamansky Sci-Fi, Art, Drama Live action\nThe Watcher in the Woods Walt Disney Productions / Buena Vista Distribution John Hough (director); Brian Clemens, Harry Spalding, Rosemary Anne Sisson (screenplay); Bette Davis, Carroll Baker, David McCallum, Lynn-Holly Johnson, Kyle Richards, Ian Bannen, Richard Pasco, Frances Cuka, Benedict Taylor, Eleanor Summerfield, Georgina Hale, Katharine Levy Horror Live action\n24 Death Watch Quartet Films / SELTA Films / Little Bear / Sara Films / Gaumont / Antenne 2 / TV 13 Munich Bertrand Tavernier (director/screenplay); David Rayfiel (screenplay); Romy Schneider, Harvey Keitel, Max von Sydow, Harry Dean Stanton, Thérèse Liotard, William Russell, Vadim Glowna, Caroline Langrishe, Bernhard Wicki, Robbie Coltrane Sci-Fi Live action\n25 Heart Beat Warner Bros. John Byrum (director/screenplay); Nick Nolte, Sissy Spacek, John Heard, Ray Sharkey, Ann Dusenberry, Margaret Fairchild, John Larroquette, David Lynch, Tony Bill, Don Brodie Romance, Drama Live action\nWhere the Buffalo Roam Universal Pictures Art Linson (director); John Kaye (screenplay); Bill Murray, Peter Boyle, Bruno Kirby, René Auberjonois, R.G. Armstrong, Mark Metcalf, Craig T. Nelson, Brian Cummings Biography, Comedy Live action\nM\nA\nY 1 Gorp American International Pictures Joseph Ruben (director); Jeffrey Konvitz, A. Martin Zweiback (screenplay); Michael Lembeck, Dennis Quaid, Fran Drescher, Rosanna Arquette, Philip Casnoff, Lisa Shure, David Huddleston, Robert Trebor, Lou Wagner, Julius Harris Comedy Live action\n9 Friday the 13th Paramount Pictures Sean S. Cunningham (director); Victor Miller (screenplay); Betsy Palmer, Adrienne King, Harry Crosby, Laurie Bartram, Mark Nelson, Jeannine Taylor, Robbi Morgan, Kevin Bacon, Rex Everhart, Ronn Carroll, Walt Gorney, Ari Lehman, Peter Brouwer, Willie Adams, Debra S. Hayes, Sally Anne Golden Slasher Live action\nThe Nude Bomb Universal Pictures Clive Donner (director); Bill Dana, Arne Sultan, Leonard Stern (screenplay); Don Adams, Sylvia Kristel, Rhonda Fleming, Dana Elcar, Pamela Hensley, Andrea Howard, Norman Lloyd, Vittorio Gassman, Earl Maynard, Robert Karvelas, Gary Imhoff, Sarah Rush, Joey Forman, Robert Ball, Walter Brooke, Richard Sanders, Vito Scotti, Bill Dana, Thomas Hill Spy, Comedy Live action\nOut of the Blue Les Productions Karim Dennis Hopper (director); Leonard Yakir, Gary Jules Juvenat (screenplay); Linda Manz, Dennis Hopper, Sharon Farrell, Don Gordon, Raymond Burr, Eric Allen, Fiona Brody, David Crowley, Joan Hoffman, Carl Nelson, Francis Ann Pettit, Glen Pfeifer, Jim Byrnes, Pointed Sticks Drama Live action\n11 The Return of the King ABC / Topcraft / Rankin/Bass Productions Jules Bass, Arthur Rankin Jr. (directors); Romeo Muller (screenplay); Orson Bean, John Huston, William Conrad, Roddy McDowall, Theodore Bikel, Paul Frees, Nellie Bellflower, Brother Theodore, Casey Kasem, Sonny Melendrez, Don Messick, John Stephenson, Glenn Yarbrough Musical, Fantasy Animation\n16 Fame United Artists Alan Parker (director); Christopher Gore (screenplay); Eddie Barth, Irene Cara, Lee Curreri, Laura Dean, Antonia Franceschi, Boyd Gaines, Albert Hague, Tresa Hughes, Steve Inwood, Paul McCrane, Anne Meara, Joanna Merlin, Barry Miller, Jim Moody, Gene Anthony Ray, Maureen Teefy, Debbie Allen, Richard Belzer, Bill Britten, Isaac Mizrahi, Sal Piro, Michael DeLorenzo, Meg Tilly Teen, Drama Live action\nThe Great Rock \'n\' Roll Swindle Virgin Films Julien Temple (director/screenplay); Malcolm McLaren, Steve Jones, Paul Cook, Sid Vicious, Johnny Rotten, Ronnie Biggs, Mary Millington, Irene Handl, Liz Fraser, Jess Conrad, Helen of Troy, Tenpole Tudor, James Aubrey, Johnny Shannon, Judy Croll, Peter Dean, Dave Dee, Alan Jones Mockumentary Live action\nHumanoids from the Deep New World Pictures Barbara Peeters (director); Frederick James (screenplay); Doug McClure, Ann Turkel, Vic Morrow, Lynn Schiller, Anthony Pena, Denise Galik, David Strassman, Greg Travis, Linda Shayne, Cindy Weintraub, Meegan King, Breck Costin, Hoke Howell, Don Maxwell, Lisa Glaser, Julie Kestel, Bruce Monette, Shawn Erler Sci-Fi Live action\nThe Long Riders United Artists / Huka Productions Walter Hill (director); Bill Bryden, Steven Phillip Smith, Stacy Keach, James Keach (screenplay); David Carradine, Keith Carradine, Robert Carradine, James Keach, Stacy Keach, Dennis Quaid, Randy Quaid, Christopher Guest, Nicholas Guest, Savannah Smith Boucher, James Whitmore Jr., Kevin Brophy, Harry Carey Jr., Shelby Leverington, Felice Orlandi, Pamela Reed, Lin Shaye, James Remar, Ever Carradine, Kalen Keach Western Live action\n21 The Empire Strikes Back 20th Century Fox / Lucasfilm Irvin Kershner (director); Leigh Brackett, Lawrence Kasdan (screenplay); Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Billy Dee Williams, David Prowse, James Earl Jones, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, Peter Mayhew, Frank Oz, Alec Guinness, Jeremy Bulloch, John Hollis, Jack Purvis, Clive Revill, Kenneth Colley, Julian Glover, Michael Sheard, Michael Culver, Bruce Boa, Christopher Malcolm, Denis Lawson, Richard Oldfield, John Morton, Ian Liston, John Ratzenberger, Brigitte Kahn, Bob Anderson, Richard Bonehill, Tony Clarkin, Peter Diamond, Marjorie Eaton, Mike Edmonds, Stuart Fell, Joe Johnston, Ralph McQuarrie, Treat Williams, Jason Wingreen Sci-Fi, Fantasy Live action\n23 Carny United Artists / Lorimar Film Entertainment Robert Kaylor (director/screenplay); Phoebe Kaylor, Robbie Robertson, Thomas Baum (screenplay); Gary Busey, Jodie Foster, Robbie Robertson, Meg Foster, Kenneth McMillan, Elisha Cook Jr., Tim Thomerson, Teddy Wilson, John Lehne, Bill McKinney, Bert Remsen, Woodrow Parfrey, Alan Braunstein, Tina Andrews, Craig Wasson, Fred Ward, Johann Petursson Drama Live action\nDie Laughing Orion Pictures Jeff Werner (director); Jerry Segal, Robby Benson, Scott Parker (screenplay); Robby Benson, Linda Grovenor, Charles Durning, Elsa Lanchester, Bud Cort, Rita Taggart, Larry Hankin, Sam Krachmalnick, Peter Coyote, Charles Fleischer, Carel Struycken, Maurice Argent, Rhoda Gemignani, O-Lan Jones, Marty Zagon, Michael David Lee, Charles Harwood, Melanie Henderson, Chuck Dorsett, John Bracci, John Tim Burrus, Roger Johnson, John E. Tidwell, Cynthia Brian Comedy, Drama Live action\nThe Gong Show Movie Universal Pictures Chuck Barris (director/screenplay); Robert Downey (screenplay); Chuck Barris, Robin Altman, James B. Douglas, Mabel King, Jaye P. Morgan, Rip Taylor Comedy Live action\nThe Shining Warner Bros. Stanley Kubrick (director/screenplay); Diane Johnson (screenplay); Jack Nicholson, Shelley Duvall, Scatman Crothers, Danny Lloyd, Barry Nelson, Philip Stone, Joe Turkel, Anne Jackson, Tony Burton, Barry Dennen, Lia Beldam, Billie Gibson, Lisa and Louise Burns Horror Live action\n30 Bon Voyage, Charlie Brown (and Don\'t Come Back!!) Paramount Pictures / Bill Melendez Productions / Lee Mendelson Film Productions / United Feature Syndicate Bill Melendez, Phil Roman (directors); Charles M. Schulz (screenplay); Arrin Skelley, Daniel Anderson, Patricia Patts, Casey Carlson, Annalisa Bortolin, Laura Planting, Bill Melendez, Pascale De Barolet, Roseline Rubens, Debbie Muller, Scott Beach Comedy Animation\nThe Hollywood Knights Columbia Pictures / PolyGram Pictures / Casablanca Filmworks Floyd Mutrux (director/screenplay); Robert Wuhl, Tony Danza, Fran Drescher, Michelle Pfeiffer, Stuart Pankin, Debra Feuer, Leigh French, Glenn Withrow, Gary Graham, Sandy Helberg, Gailard Sartain, Richard Schaal, Randy Gornel, James Jeter, P.R. Paul, Julius Averitt, Carol Ann Williams Teen, Comedy Live action\nJ\nU\nN\nE 1 The Mountain Men Columbia Pictures / Polyc International BV Richard Lang (director); Fraser Clarke Heston (screenplay); Charlton Heston, Brian Keith, Stephen Macht, John Glover, Seymour Cassel, Bill Lucking, Victor Jory, Michael Greene, Victoria Racimo, David Ackroyd, Cal Bellini, Ken Ruta Adventure, Western Live action\n4 The Happy Hooker Goes Hollywood Cannon Films / Golan-Globus Productions Alan Roberts (director); Devin Goldenberg (screenplay); Martine Beswick, Adam West, Phil Silvers, Chris Lemmon, Edie Adams, Richard Deacon, Dick Miller, Charles Green, Lisa London, Tanya Boyd, Susan Kiger, Lindsay Bloom, Army Archerd, Kim Hopkins Comedy Live action\n6 Galaxina Crown International Pictures William Sachs (director/screenplay); Stephen Macht, Avery Schreiber, James David Hinton, Dorothy Stratten, Lionel Mark Smith, Tad Horino, Percy Rodrigues, George Mather, Susan Kiger, Rhonda Shear, Ronald J. Knight, Herb Kaplowitz, Nancy McCauley, Fred D. Scott Sci-Fi, Fantasy, Comedy Live action\nUp the Academy Warner Bros. Robert Downey Sr. (director); Tom Patchett, Jay Tarses (screenplay); Wendell Brown, Tommy Citera, Ron Leibman, Harry Teinowitz, Hutch Parker, Ralph Macchio, Tom Poston, King Coleman, Barbara Bach, Ian Wolfe, Antonio Fargas, Stacey Nelkin, Leonard Frey, Robert Downey Jr. Comedy Live action\nUrban Cowboy Paramount Pictures James Bridges (director/screenplay); Aaron Latham (screenplay); John Travolta, Debra Winger, Scott Glenn, Barry Corbin, Madolyn Smith, Brooke Alderson, Cooper Huckabee, James Gammon, Mickey Gilley, Johnny Lee, Bonnie Raitt, Charlie Daniels, Tamara Champlin, Jerry Hall, Ellen March, Jessie La Rive, Howard Henson, Connie Hanson, Becky Conway, Cyndy Hall Romance, Western Live action\n11 Bronco Billy Warner Bros. Clint Eastwood (director); Dennis Hackin (screenplay); Clint Eastwood, Sondra Locke, Geoffrey Lewis, Scatman Crothers, Bill McKinney, Sam Bottoms, Dan Vadis, Sierra Pecheur, Walter Barnes, Woodrow Parfrey, Beverlee McKinsey, Doug McGrath, Hank Worden, Tessa Richarde, William Prince Western Live action\n13 The Children World Northal Max Kalmanowicz (director); Carlton J. Albright, Edward Terry (screenplay); Martin Shakar, Gil Rogers, Gale Garnett, Shannon Bolin, Peter Maloney, Tracy Griswold, Joy Glaccum, Jeptha Evans, Clara Evans, Sarah Albright, Nathanael Albright, Julie Carrier, Michelle Le Mothe, Edward Terry, Jessie Abrams, Rita Montone, John P. Codiglia, Martin Brennan, J.D. Clarke, James Klawin, Arthur Chase, Suzanne Barnes, Diane Deckard, David Platt, Michael Carrier, June Berry, Ray Delmolino, X. Ben Fakackt Horror Live action\nThe Island Universal Pictures / Zanuck/Brown Company Michael Ritchie (director); Peter Benchley (screenplay); Michael Caine, David Warner, Angela Punch McGregor, Frank Middlemass, Don Henderson, Dudley Sutton, Colin Jeavons, Jeffrey Frank, Zakes Mokae, Brad Sullivan, Reg Evans Action, Adventure, Thriller Live action\nRoadie United Artists Alan Rudolph (director/screenplay); Big Boy Medlin, Michael Ventura, Zalman King (screenplay); Meat Loaf, Kaki Hunter, Art Carney, Gailard Sartain, Don Cornelius, Rhonda Bates, Joe Spano, Allan Graf, Merle Kilgore, Ramblin\' Jack Elliott, Alice Cooper, Blondie, Roy Orbison, Hank Williams Jr., Larry Lindsey, Marcy Hanson, Carole McClellan, Ray Benson, Joe Gannon, Jesse Frederick, Richard Marion, Sonny Davis, Alvin Crow and the Pleasant Valley Boys, Rick Crow and Asleep at the Wheel, Eric Gardner Musical, Comedy Live action\nWholly Moses! Columbia Pictures Gary Weis (director); Guy Thomas (screenplay); Dudley Moore, Laraine Newman, James Coco, Paul Sand, Jack Gilford, Dom DeLuise, John Houseman, Madeline Kahn, David L. Lander, Richard Pryor, John Ritter, Richard B. Shull, Tanya Boyd, Ruth Manning, Walker Edmiston Comedy, Parody, Spoof Live action\n19 Animalympics NBC / Lisberger Studios Steven Lisberger (director/screenplay); Michael Fremer (screenplay); Billy Crystal, Gilda Radner, Harry Shearer, Michael Fremer Comedy Animation\nRough Cut Paramount Pictures Don Siegel (director); Larry Gelbart (screenplay); Burt Reynolds, Lesley-Anne Down, David Niven, Timothy West, Patrick Magee, Al Matthews, Susan Littler, Joss Ackland, Isabel Dean, Wolf Kahler, Andrew Ray, Julian Holloway, Douglas Wilmer, Geoffrey Russell, Ronald Hines, David Howey, Frank Mills, Roland Culver, Alan Webb, Cassandra Harris, Sue Lloyd, Cyril Appleton Heist Live action\n20 The Blues Brothers Universal Pictures John Landis (director/screenplay); Dan Aykroyd (screenplay); John Belushi, Dan Aykroyd, James Brown, Cab Calloway, Ray Charles, Carrie Fisher, Aretha Franklin, Henry Gibson, John Candy, John Lee Hooker, Kathleen Freeman, Steve Lawrence, Twiggy, Frank Oz, Jeff Morris, Charles Napier, Steven Spielberg, Stephen Bishop, Steven Williams, Armand Cerami, John Landis, Joe Walsh, Ben Piazza, Cindy Fisher, Paul Reubens, Rosie Shuster, Chaka Khan, Gary McLarty, Pinetop Perkins, Mr. T, Carolyn Franklin, De\'voreaux White, James Avery, Lou Berryman, Luis Contreras, Raven De La Croix, Ralph Foody, Leonard R. Garner Jr., Steve "The Colonel" Cropper, Donald "Duck" Dunn, Murphy Dunne, Willie "Too Big" Hall, Tom "Bones" Malone, "Blue Lou" Marini, Matt "Guitar" Murphy, "Mr. Fabulous" Alan Rubin Musical, Comedy Live action\nBrubaker 20th Century Fox Stuart Rosenberg (director); W.D. Richter (screenplay); Robert Redford, Yaphet Kotto, Jane Alexander, Murray Hamilton, David Keith, Morgan Freeman, Matt Clark, Tim McIntire, Richard Ward, M. Emmet Walsh, Albert Salmi, Linda Haynes, Everett McGill, Val Avery, Ronald C. Frazier, David D. Harris, Joe Spinell, Wilford Brimley, Nathan George, William Newman, John McMartin, Nicolas Cage Drama Live action\nCan\'t Stop the Music Associated Film Distribution / EMI Films Nancy Walker (director); Allan Carr, Bronte Woodard (screenplay); Steve Guttenberg, Valerie Perrine, Bruce Jenner, Paul Sand, Tammy Grimes, Village People, June Havoc, Barbara Rush, Altovise Davis, Marilyn Sokol, Russell Nype, Jack Weston, Leigh Taylor-Young, Dick Patterson Musical, Comedy Live action\n25 Herbie Goes Bananas Walt Disney Productions / Buena Vista Distribution Vincent McEveety (director); Don Tait (screenplay); Cloris Leachman, Charles Martin Smith, Stephan W. Burns, John Vernon, Elyssa Davalos, Joaquin Garay III, Harvey Korman, Richard Jaeckel, Alex Rocco, Fritz Feld, Vito Scotti, Jose Gonzales-Gonzales, Allan Hunt, Iris Adrian, Jack Perkins, Alma Beltran, Don Diamond, Buddy Joe Hooker, Steve Boyum, Ceil Cabot, Dante D\'Andre, Jeff Ramsey Comedy, Adventure Live action\nThe Last Flight of Noah\'s Ark Walt Disney Productions / Buena Vista Distribution Charles Jarrott (director); Steven W. Carabatsos, Sandy Glass, George Arthur Bloom (screenplay); Elliott Gould, Geneviève Bujold, Ricky Schroder, Vincent Gardenia, Tammy Lauren, John Fujioka, Yuki Shimoda, Dana Elcar, John P. Ryan, Peter Renaday, Ruth Manning, Arthur Adams, Austin Willis, Bob Whiting Family, Adventure Live action\nThe Stunt Man 20th Century Fox / Melvin Simon Productions Richard Rush (director/screenplay); Lawrence B. Marcus (screenplay); Peter O\'Toole, Steve Railsback, Barbara Hershey, Allen Garfield, Alex Rocco, Sharon Farrell, Adam Roarke, Philip Bruns, Charles Bail, James Avery, Gregg Berger Action, Comedy Live action\nJuly–September[edit]\nOpening Title Studio Cast and crew Genre Medium\nJ\nU\nL\nY 2 Airplane! Paramount Pictures / Howard W. Koch Productions Jim Abrahams, David Zucker, Jerry Zucker (directors/screenplay); Robert Hays, Julie Hagerty, Leslie Nielsen, Peter Graves, Lloyd Bridges, Robert Stack, Lorna Patterson, Stephen Stucker, Frank Ashmore, Jonathan Banks, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Barbara Billingsley, Lee Bryant, Nicholas Pryor, Joyce Bulifant, Maureen McGovern, Kenneth Tobey, Barbara Stuart, Rossie Harris, Al White, David Leisure, Jason Wingreen, Jill Whelan, Ethel Merman, Jimmie Walker, James Hong, Howard Jarvis, Michael Laurence, Craig Berenson, Marcy Goldman, Norman Alexander Gibbs, David Hollander, Michelle Stacy, Lee Terri Comedy Live action\nAlligator Group 1 Films Lewis Teague (director); John Sayles (screenplay); Robert Forster, Robin Riker, Michael Gazzo, Dean Jagger, Sidney Lassick, Jack Carter, Perry Lang, Henry Silva, Bart Braverman, Royce D. Applegate, Jim Boeke, Peter Miller, Pat Petersen, Kendall Carly Browne, Micol, Angel Tompkins, Sue Lyon, Dick Richards, Michael Mazurki, Kane Hodder Horror Live action\nJane Austen in Manhattan Contemporary Films James Ivory (director); Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (screenplay); Anne Baxter, Robert Powell, Michael Wager, Sean Young, Charles McCaughan, Tim Choate, John Guerrasio, Iman, Katrina Hodiak, Kurt Johnson, Philip Lenkowsky, Nancy New Romance, Drama Live action\nThe Sea Wolves Paramount Pictures / Rank Film Distributors Andrew V. McLaglen (director); Reginald Rose (screenplay); Gregory Peck, Roger Moore, David Niven, Trevor Howard, Barbara Kellerman, Patrick Macnee, Kenneth Griffith, Patrick Allen, Wolf Kahler, Robert Hoffmann, Dan van Husen, George Mikell, Jürgen Andersen, Bernard Archard, Martin Benson, Faith Brook, Allan Cuthbertson, Edward Dentith, Clifford Earl, Rusi Ghandhi, Percy Herbert, Patrick Holt, Donald Houston, Glyn Houston, Victor Langley, Terence Longdon, Michael Medwin, W. Morgan Sheppard, John Standing, Graham Stark, Keith Stevenson, Jack Watson, Moray Watson, Brook Williams, Marc Zuber, Mohan Agashe War Live action\n5 The Blue Lagoon Columbia Pictures Randal Kleiser (director); Douglas Day Stewart (screenplay); Brooke Shields, Christopher Atkins, Leo McKern, William Daniels, Alan Hopgood, Gus Mercurio, Elva Josephson, Glenn Kohan, Bradley Pryce, Chad Timmermans Romance, Survival, Drama Live action\n11 How to Beat the High Cost of Living American International Pictures Robert Scheerer (director); Robert Kaufman, Leonora Thung (screenplay); Jane Curtin, Susan Saint James, Jessica Lange, Dabney Coleman, Richard Benjamin, Fred Willard, Eddie Albert, Cathryn Damon, Ronnie Schell, Michael Bell, Sybil Danning, Al Checco, Susan Tolsky, Art Metrano, Garrett Morris Crime, Comedy Live action\nOh! Heavenly Dog 20th Century Fox Joe Camp (director/screenplay); Rod Browning (screenplay); Chevy Chase, Benji, Jane Seymour, Omar Sharif, Robert Morley, Stuart Germain, Alan Sues, John Stride, Donnelly Rhodes, Barbara Leigh-Hunt, Richard Vernon, Frank Williams, Susan Kellermann, Lorenzo Music, Harry Hill, Kay Tremblay, Albin Pahernik, Margierite Corriveau, Gerald Iles, Jérôme Tiberghien Comedy, Drama Live action\nUsed Cars Columbia Pictures Robert Zemeckis (director/screenplay); Bob Gale (screenplay); Kurt Russell, Jack Warden, Gerrit Graham, Deborah Harmon, Frank McRae, Joe Flaherty, David L. Lander, Michael McKean, Michael Talbott, Harry Northup, Alfonso Arau, Cheryl Rixon, Al Lewis, Woodrow Parfrey, Dub Taylor, Wendie Jo Sperber, Marc McClure, Betty Thomas, Dick Miller, Rita Taggart, Terence Knox, Will McMillan Black Comedy Live action\n18 The Big Red One United Artists / Lorimar Samuel Fuller (director/screenplay); Lee Marvin, Mark Hamill, Robert Carradine, Bobby Di Cicco, Kelly Ward, Siegfried Rauch, Stéphane Audran, Marthe Villalonga, Perry Lang, Matteo Zoffoli Epic, War Live action\nCheech & Chong\'s Next Movie Universal Pictures Tommy Chong (director/screenplay); Cheech Marin (screenplay); Cheech Marin, Tommy Chong, Evelyn Guerrero, Edie McClurg, Paul Reubens, Betty Kennedy, Sy Kramer, Rikki Marin, Bob McClurg, John Paragon, Jake Steinfeld, Cassandra Peterson, Rita Wilson, Michael Winslow, John Steadman, Faith Minton, Ben Powers, Carl Weintraub, Lupe M. Ontiveros Comedy Live action\nHoneysuckle Rose Warner Bros. Jerry Schatzberg (director); John Binder, Gustaf Molander, Carol Sobieski, Gösta Stevens, William D. Wittliff (screenplay); Willie Nelson, Dyan Cannon, Amy Irving, Slim Pickens, Joey Floyd, Charles Levin, Mickey Rooney Jr., Lane Smith, Pepe Serna, Priscilla Pointer, Diana Scarwid, Jeannie Seely, Emmylou Harris, Mickey Raphael, Grady Martin, Rex Ludwick, Bee Spears Romance, Drama Live action\nThe Little Dragons Aurora Film Corporation / Eastwind Productions Curtis Hanson (director); Harvey Applebaum, Louis G. Atlee, Rudolph Borchert, Alan Ormsby (screenplay); Charles Lane, Ann Sothern, Chris Peterson, Pat Petersen, Sally Boyden, Rick Lenz, Sharon Clark, Joe Spinell, John Davis Chandler, Clifford A. Pellow, Stephen Young, Pat E. Johnson, Bong Soo Han, Tony Bill, Spencer Quinn, Topo Swope, Jim Sherwood Action, Adventure Live action\nProm Night AVCO Embassy Pictures Paul Lynch (director); William Gray (screenplay); Jamie Lee Curtis, Leslie Nielsen, Casey Stevens, Eddie Benton, Michael Tough, Robert A. Silverman, Pita Oliver, David Mucci, Mary Beth Rubens, George Touliatos, Melanie Morse, David Bolt, Jeff Wincott, David Gardner, Joy Thompson, Sheldon Rybowski, Antoinette Bower Slasher Live action\n24 The Earthling Filmways Pictures Peter Collinson (director); Lanny Cotler (screenplay); William Holden, Ricky Schroder Adventure Live action\n25 Caddyshack Orion Pictures Harold Ramis (director/screenplay); Douglas Kenney, Brian Doyle-Murray (screenplay); Chevy Chase, Rodney Dangerfield, Ted Knight, Michael O\'Keefe, Bill Murray, Sarah Holcomb, Scott Colomby, Cindy Morgan, Dan Resin, Henry Wilcoxon, Elaine Aiken, Albert Salmi, Ann Ryerson, Brian Doyle-Murray, Hamilton Mitchell, Peter Berkrot, John F. Barmon Jr., Lois Kibbee, Brian McConnachie, Scott Powell, Jackie Davis, Thomas A. Carlin, Mel Pape Sports, Comedy Live action\nDressed to Kill Filmways Pictures Brian De Palma (director/screenplay); Michael Caine, Angie Dickinson, Nancy Allen, Keith Gordon, Dennis Franz, David Margulies, Brandon Maggart, William Finley, Ken Baker, Susanna Clemm Thriller Live action\nMiddle Age Crazy 20th Century Fox / Krofft Entertainment / Canadian Film Development Corporation / Guardian Trust Company / Tormont Films John Trent (director); Carl Kleinschmitt, Jerry Lee Lewis (screenplay); Bruce Dern, Ann-Margret, Graham Jarvis, Deborah Wakeham, Eric Christmas, Helen Hughes, Geoffrey Bowes, Patricia Hamilton, Michael Kane, Diane Dewey, Vivian Reis, Anni Lantuch, Gina Dick, John Facenda Comedy Live action\nA\nU\nG\nU\nS\nT 1 The Final Countdown United Artists / The Bryna Company Don Taylor (director); David Ambrose, Gerry Davis, Thomas Hunter, Peter Powell (screenplay); Kirk Douglas, Martin Sheen, Katharine Ross, James Farentino, Ron O\'Neal, Charles Durning, Victor Mohica, James C. Lawrence, Soon-Tek Oh, Joe Lowry, Alvin Ing, Mark Thomas, Harold Bergman, Richard Liberty, Lloyd Kaufman, Dan Fitzgerald, Peter Douglas Sci-Fi, War Live action\nThe Hunter Paramount Pictures / Rastar Buzz Kulik (director); Ted Leighton, Peter Hyams (screenplay); Steve McQueen, Eli Wallach, Kathryn Harrold, LeVar Burton, Ben Johnson, Richard Venture, Tracey Walter, Thomas Rosales Jr., Theodore Wilson Action, Crime, Drama, Thriller Live action\nI Go Pogo Marc Paul Chinoy (director); Skip Hinnant, Ruth Buzzi, Stan Freberg, Arnold Stang, Jonathan Winters, Jimmy Breslin, Vincent Price Comedy Animation\nLoose Shoes National American Films / Brooksfilms Ira Miller (director/screenplay); Royce D. Applegate, Dan Praiser, Charley Smith (screenplay); Royce D. Applegate, Bill Murray, Lewis Arquette, Howard Hesseman, Susan Tyrrell, Ed Lauter, Tom Baker, Buddy Hackett, Sean Frye, Sandy Helberg, Rod McCary, Sid Haig, Larry Hankin, David Downing, Kinky Friedman, Dan McBride, Brad Ashcraft, Dustin Day, Alexander Stowe Comedy Live action\nRaise the Titanic Associated Film Distribution / ITC Entertainment Jerry Jameson (director); Adam Kennedy (screenplay); Jason Robards, Richard Jordan, David Selby, Anne Archer, Dirk Blocker, Alec Guinness, Bo Brundin, M. Emmet Walsh, J.D. Cannon, Norman Bartold, Elya Baskin, Robert Broyles, Paul Carr, Michael C. Gwynne, Harvey Lewis Adventure Live action\n8 The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu Orion Pictures / Braun Entertainment Group / Playboy Productions Piers Haggard (director); Rudy Dochtermann, Jim Moloney, Peter Sellers (screenplay); Peter Sellers, Helen Mirren, David Tomlinson, Sid Caesar, Simon Williams, Steve Franken, Stratford Johns, John Le Mesurier, John Sharp, Clive Dunn, Clément Harari, Burt Kwouk, Kwan-Young Lee, John Tan, Philip Tan, Serge Julien, Johns Rajohnson, Katia Tchenko Comedy Live action\nXanadu Universal Pictures Robert Greenwald (director); Richard Christian Danus, Marc Reid Rubel (screenplay); Olivia Newton-John, Gene Kelly, Michael Beck, Matt Lattanzi, James Sloyan, Dimitra Arliss, Katie Hanley, Fred McCarren, Ren Woods, Melvin Jones, Ira Newborn, Jo Ann Harris, Wilfrid Hyde-White, Coral Browne, Darcel Wynne, Adolfo "Shabba-Doo" Quinones, Miranda Garrison, Sandahl Bergman, Lynne Latham, John "Fee" Waybill, Prairie Prince, Bill Spooner, Vince Welnick, Deborah Jennsen, Alexander Cole, Melinda Phelps, Cherise Bate, Juliette Marshall, Marilyn Tokuda, Yvette Van Voorhees, Teri Beckerman, Rick Anderson, Michael Cotten, Roger Steen, Re Styles Musical, Fantasy Live action\n10 Why Would I Lie? United Artists Larry Peerce (director); Peter Stone (screenplay); Treat Williams, Lisa Eichhorn, Gabriel Macht, Susan Heldfond, Anne Byrne, Valerie Curtin, Jocelyn Brando, Nicolas Coster, Severn Darden, Sonny Davis, Mitzi Hoag, Ilene Kristen, Jan D\'Arcy, Jane Burkett, Kay Cummings, Mia Bendixsen, Harriet Gibson, Cynthia Hoppenfeld, Natalie Core, Shirley Slater, Marian Gants Comedy, Drama Live action\n15 The Kidnapping of the President Crown International Pictures George Mendeluk (director); Richard Murphy, Charles Templeton (screenplay); William Shatner, Hal Holbrook, Van Johnson, Ava Gardner, Miguel Fernandes, Cindy Girling, Elizabeth Shepherd, Michael J. Reynolds, Gary Reineke, Maury Chaykin, Murray Westgate, Ken Anderson, Sully Boyar, Aubert Pallascio, Virginia Podesser Thriller Live action\nSmokey and the Bandit II Universal Pictures / Rastar Hal Needham (director); Jerry Belson, Brock Yates (screenplay); Burt Reynolds, Sally Field, Jackie Gleason, Jerry Reed, Dom DeLuise, Paul Williams, Pat McCormick, David Huddleston, Mike Henry, John Anderson, Brenda Lee, The Statler Brothers, "Mean Joe" Greene, Mel Tillis, Joe Klecko, Don Williams, Terry Bradshaw, Nancy Lenehan, John Megna, Chuck Yeager, John Robert Nicholson Action, Comedy Live action\nThose Lips, Those Eyes United Artists Michael Pressman (director); David Shaber (screenplay); Frank Langella, Glynnis O\'Connor, Tom Hulce, Jerry Stiller, Herbert Berghof, Kevin McCarthy, Joseph Maher, George Morfogen Romance Live action\nWillie & Phil 20th Century Fox Paul Mazursky (director/screenplay); Michael Ontkean, Margot Kidder, Ray Sharkey, Jan Miner, Tom Brennan, Julie Bovasso, Louis Guss, Kathleen Maguire, Kaki Hunter, Kristine DeBell, Jerry Hall Comedy, Drama Live action\n22 The Octagon American Cinema Releasing / American Cinema Productions Eric Karson (director); Leigh Chapman (screenplay); Chuck Norris, Karen Carlson, Lee Van Cleef, Tadashi Yamashita, Carol Bagdasarian, Richard Norton, Art Hindle, Kim Lankford, Kurt Grayson, Yuki Shimoda, Jack Carter, Ernie Hudson, Larry D. Mann, Aaron Norris, John Fujioka, Michael Norris, Brian Tochi Action, Martial Arts Live action\n29 He Knows You\'re Alone United Artists Armand Mastroianni (director); Scott Parker (screenplay); Caitlin O\'Heaney, Don Scardino, Elizabeth Kemp, Tom Rolfing, Lewis Arlt, Patsy Pease, James Rebhorn, Dana Barron, Tom Hanks, Paul Gleason, James Carroll, Russell Todd Slasher Live action\nMcVicar Crown International Pictures / The Who Films / Polytel Tom Clegg (director/screenplay); John McVicar (screenplay); Roger Daltrey, Adam Faith, Cheryl Campbell, Billy Murray, Georgina Hale, Steven Berkoff, Brian Hall, Matthew Scurfield, Harry Fielder, Ian Hendry, Malcolm Tierney, Robert Walker Jr., James Marcus, Tony Haygarth, Anthony May, Peter Jonfield, Leonard Gregory, Joe Turner, Jeremy Blake, Anthony Trent, Terence Stuart, Charles Cork, Paul Kernber, Ronald Herdman, Tony Rohr, Michael Feast, Richard Simpson, Ricky Parkinson Drama Live action\nS\nE\nP\nT\nE\nM\nB\nE\nR 8 Battle Beyond the Stars New World Pictures Jimmy T. Murakami (director); John Sayles (screenplay); Richard Thomas, Robert Vaughn, George Peppard, John Saxon, Sybil Danning, Darlanne Fluegel, Sam Jaffe, Jeff Corey, Morgan Woodward, Marta Kristen, Earl Boen, Lynn Carlin, Lara Cody, Julia Duffy, John Gowens, Larry Meyers, Steve Davis Space Opera Live action\nReturn of the Secaucus 7 Libra Films / Salsipuedes Productions John Sayles (director/screenplay); Bruce MacDonald, Maggie Renzi, David Strathairn, Adam LeFevre, Maggie Cousineau, Gordon Clapp, Jean Passanante, Karen Trott, Mark Arnott, John Sayles, Marisa Smith, Amy Schewel, Carolyn Brooks, Eric Forsythe, Nancy Mette Drama Live action\n9 Phobia Paramount Pictures John Huston (director); Peter Bellwood, Lew Lehman, Jimmy Sangster (screenplay); Paul Michael Glaser, Susan Hogan, John Colicos, David Eisner, Lisa Langlois, Alexandra Stewart, Kenneth Welsh, David Bolt, Patricia Collins, Robert O\'Ree, Neil Vipond, Marian Waldman Horror, Thriller Live action\n10 The Big Brawl Warner Bros. / Golden Harvest Robert Clouse (director/screenplay); Jackie Chan, José Ferrer, Kristine DeBell, Mako, Ron Max, David Sheiner, Rosalind Chao, Lenny Montana, Pat E. Johnson, Hard Boiled Haggerty, Chao-Li Chi, Jocelyn Lew, Peter Marc, Gene LeBell, Larry Drake Martial Arts, Action, Comedy Live action\nThe Gods Must Be Crazy 20th Century Fox Jamie Uys (director/screenplay); N!xau, Marius Weyers, Sandra Prinsloo, Nic de Jager, Ken Gampu, Brian O\'Shaughnessy, Pip Freedman, Jamie Uys, Michael Thys, Louw Verwey, Simon Sabela, Fanyana Sidumo, Joe Seakatsie Comedy Live action\n19 The Exterminator Amsell Entertainment / AVCO Embassy Pictures / Shapiro-Glickenhaus Entertainment / Interstar Pictures James Glickenhaus (director/screenplay); Robert Ginty, Samantha Eggar, Christopher George, Steve James, George Lee Cheung, Toni Di Benedetto, Dick Boccelli, Patrick Farrelly, Michele Harrell, David Lipman, Tom Everett, Ned Eisenberg, Irwin Keyes, Cindy Wilks, Dennis Boutsikaris, Mark Buntzman, Tony Munafo, Roger Grimsby, Judy Licht, Stan Getz, Samuel L. Jackson Action Live action\nMelvin and Howard Universal Pictures Jonathan Demme (director); Bo Goldman (screenplay); Paul Le Mat, Mary Steenburgen, Pamela Reed, Jason Robards, Michael J. Pollard, Jack Kehoe, Rick Lenz, Dabney Coleman, Charles Napier, Melvin Dummar Comedy, Drama Live action\nMother\'s Day United Film Distribution Company / Duty Productions / Saga Films A.B. Charles Kaufman (director/screenplay); Warren Leight (screenplay); Nancy Hendrickson, Rose Ross, Robert Collins, Deborah Luce, Tiana Pierce, Gary Pollard, Michael McCleery, Karl Sandys Slasher Live action\nOrdinary People Paramount Pictures / Wildwood Enterprises, Inc. Robert Redford (director); Alvin Sargent (screenplay); Donald Sutherland, Mary Tyler Moore, Judd Hirsch, Timothy Hutton, Elizabeth McGovern, M. Emmet Walsh, Dinah Manoff, Fredric Lehne, James B. Sikking, Basil Hoffman, Quinn Redeker, Mariclare Costello, Meg Mundy, Elizabeth Hubbard, Adam Baldwin, Richard Whiting, Tim Clarke, Scott Doebler Drama Live action\nSuper Fuzz Columbia / AVCO Embassy / El Pico S.A. / Trans Cinema TV Sergio Corbucci (director/screenplay); Sabatino Ciuffini (screenplay); Terence Hill, Ernest Borgnine, Joanne Dru, Marc Lawrence, Julie Gordon, Lee Sandman, Sal Borghese, Woody Woodbury Superhero, Comedy Live action\n26 Divine Madness Warner Bros. Michael Ritchie (director); Jerry Blatt, Bette Midler, Bruce Vilanch (screenplay); Bette Midler Concert Live action\nHopscotch AVCO Embassy Pictures Ronald Neame (director); Bryan Forbes, Brian Garfield (screenplay); Walter Matthau, Glenda Jackson, Sam Waterston, Ned Beatty, Herbert Lom, George Baker, Ivor Roberts, Lucy Saroyan, Severn Darden, George Pravda, Mike Gwilym, David Matthau, Terry Beaver, Ray Charleson, Jacquelyn Hyde Spy, Comedy Live action\nIn God We Tru$t Universal Pictures Marty Feldman (director/screenplay); Chris Allen (screenplay); Marty Feldman, Andy Kaufman, Louise Lasser, Peter Boyle, Richard Pryor, Wilfrid Hyde-White, Severn Darden Comedy Live action\nMy Bodyguard 20th Century Fox / Melvin Simon Productions Tony Bill (director); Alan Ormsby (screenplay); Chris Makepeace, Adam Baldwin, Matt Dillon, Martin Mull, Ruth Gordon, John Houseman, Craig Richard Nelson, Kathryn Grody, Joan Cusack, George Wendt, Jennifer Beals, Richard Bradley, Tim Reyna, Dean R. Miller, Hank Salas Family, Comedy, Drama Live action\nResurrection Universal Pictures Daniel Petrie (director); Lewis John Carlino (screenplay); Ellen Burstyn, Sam Shepard, Richard Farnsworth, Roberts Blossom, Clifford David, Pamela Payton-Wright, Jeffrey DeMunn, Eva Le Gallienne, Lois Smith, Richard Hamilton, Sylvia Walden, Madeleine Thornton-Sherwood Drama Live action\nStardust Memories United Artists Woody Allen (director/screenplay); Woody Allen, Charlotte Rampling, Jessica Harper, Marie-Christine Barrault, Tony Roberts, Daniel Stern, Amy Wright, Helen Hanft, John Rothman, Anne De Salvo, Leonardo Cimino, Sharon Stone, Jack Rollins, Judith Roberts, Candy Loving, Brent Spiner, Judith Crist, Irwin Keyes, Bonnie Hellman, Cynthia Gibb, Annie Korzen, Largo Woodruff, James Otis, Alice Spivak, Armin Shimerman, Laraine Newman, Louise Lasser, Joe Wilder, Hank Jones, Richie Pratt, Arvell Shaw, Earl Shendell, William Zinsser Comedy, Drama Live action\nWithout Warning Filmways Pictures / World Amusement Partnership Greydon Clark (director); Lyn Freeman, Daniel Grodnik, Ben Nett, Steve Mathis (screenplay); Jack Palance, Martin Landau, Tarah Nutter, Christopher S. Nelson, Cameron Mitchell, Neville Brand, Ralph Meeker, Darby Hinton, David Caruso, Lynn Thell, Sue Ane Langdon, Larry Storch, Kevin Peter Hall Horror, Sci-Fi Live action\nOctober–December[edit]\nOpening Title Studio Cast and crew Genre Medium\nO\nC\nT\nO\nB\nE\nR 3 Coast to Coast Paramount Pictures Joseph Sargent (director); Stanley Weiser (screenplay); Dyan Cannon, Robert Blake, Quinn Redeker, Michael Lerner, Maxine Stuart, William Lucking, Rozelle Gayle, George P. Wilbur, Darwin Joston, Dick Durock, Cassandra Peterson, Karen Montgomery, Vicki Frederick, John Roselius Romance, Comedy Live action\nThe First Deadly Sin Filmways Pictures Brian G. Hutton (director); Mann Rubin (screenplay); Frank Sinatra, Faye Dunaway, James Whitmore, David Dukes, Brenda Vaccaro, Martin Gabel, Anthony Zerbe, George Coe, Joe Spinell, Jeffrey DeMunn, Bruce Willis Crime, Thriller Live action\nGloria Columbia Pictures John Cassavetes (director/screenplay); Gena Rowlands, Julie Carmen, Buck Henry, John Adames, Lupe Garnica, John Finnegan, Tom Noonan, J.C. Quinn, Sonny Landham, Lawrence Tierney Neo-Noir, Crime, Thriller Live action\nThe Man with Bogart\'s Face 20th Century Fox / Melvin Simon Productions Robert Day (director); Andrew J. Fenady (screenplay); Robert Sacchi, Franco Nero, Michelle Phillips, Olivia Hussey, Misty Rowe, Victor Buono, Sybil Danning, Herbert Lom, Richard Bakalyan, Gregg Palmer, Jay Robinson, George Raft, Yvonne De Carlo, Mike Mazurki, Henry Wilcoxon, Victor Sen Yung Comedy Live action\nOh, God! Book II Warner Bros. Gilbert Cates (director); Josh Greenfeld, Hal Goldman, Fred S. Fox, Seaman Jacobs, Melissa Miller (screenplay); George Burns, Suzanne Pleshette, David Birney, Louanne Sirota, John Louie, Wilfrid Hyde-White, Conrad Janis, Hans Conried Comedy Live action\nOne-Trick Pony Warner Bros. Robert M. Young (director); Paul Simon (screenplay); Paul Simon, Blair Brown, Rip Torn, Joan Hackett, Allen Garfield, Mare Winningham, Michael Pearlman, Lou Reed, Steve Gadd, Eric Gale, Tony Levin, Richard Tee, Harry Shearer, Daniel Stern, Sam & Dave, The Lovin\' Spoonful, Tiny Tim, The B-52\'s, David Sanborn Music, Drama Live action\nSomewhere in Time Universal Pictures / Rastar Jeannot Szwarc (director); Richard Matheson (screenplay); Christopher Reeve, Jane Seymour, Christopher Plummer, Teresa Wright, Bill Irwin, George Voskovec, Susan French, John Alvin, Eddra Gale, Tim Kazurinsky, Richard Matheson, William H. Macy, Sean Hayden, Ali Matheson Romance, Fantasy, Drama Live action\nTerror Train 20th Century Fox / Astral Bellevue Pathe / Sandy Howard Productions / Triple T Productions Roger Spottiswoode (director); T.Y. Drake (screenplay); Jamie Lee Curtis, Ben Johnson, Hart Bochner, Timothy Webber, Anthony Sherwood, Joy Boushel, D.D. Winters, Howard Busgang, David Copperfield, Sandee Currie, Derek MacKinnon, Elizabeth Cholette, Don Lamoreux, Steve Michaels, Charles Biddle Sr., Thom Haverstock, Greg Swanson Slasher Live action\n10 The Elephant Man Paramount Pictures David Lynch (director/screenplay); Christopher De Vore, Eric Bergren (screenplay); Anthony Hopkins, John Hurt, Anne Bancroft, John Gielgud, Wendy Hiller, Hannah Gordon, Freddie Jones, Michael Elphick, Dexter Fletcher, Helen Ryan, John Standing, Lesley Dunlop, Phoebe Nicholls, W. Morgan Sheppard, Kenny Baker, Pat Gorman, Pauline Quirke, Nula Conwell Historical, Drama Live action\nIt\'s My Turn Columbia Pictures / Rastar Claudia Weill (director); Eleanor Bergstein (screenplay); Jill Clayburgh, Michael Douglas, Charles Grodin, Beverly Garland, Steven Hill, Jennifer Salt, Dianne Wiest, Daniel Stern Romance, Comedy, Drama Live action\nKagemusha 20th Century Fox / Toho Akira Kurosawa (director/screenplay); Masato Ide (screenplay); Tatsuya Nakadai, Tsutomu Yamazaki, Kenichi Hagiwara, Jinpachi Nezu, Hideji Ōtaki, Daisuke Ryu, Masayuki Yui, Kaori Momoi, Mitsuko Baisho, Hideo Murota, Takayuki Shiho, Kōji Shimizu, Takashi Shimura, Kamatari Fujiwara, Noburo Shimizu, Sen Yamamoto, Shuhei Sugimori, Elichi Kanakubo, Francis Selleck Period, Drama Live action\nPrivate Benjamin Warner Bros. Howard Zieff (director); Nancy Meyers, Charles Shyer, Harvey Miller (screenplay); Goldie Hawn, Eileen Brennan, Armand Assante, Robert Webber, Richard Herd, Sam Wanamaker, Barbara Barrie, Gretchen Wyler, Mary Kay Place, Harry Dean Stanton, Hal Williams, P.J. Soles, Craig T. Nelson, Albert Brooks, Alan Oppenheimer, Toni Kalem, Damita Jo Freeman, Alston Ahern, Lee Wallace, Danny Wells Comedy Live action\nSong of the South (re-release) Walt Disney Productions / RKO Radio Pictures Harve Foster, Wilfred Jackson (directors); Morton Grant, Maurice Rapf, Dalton S. Reymond, Bill Peet, George Stallings, Ralph Wright (screenplay); James Baskett, Bobby Driscoll, Luana Patten, Glenn Leedy, Ruth Warrick, Hattie McDaniel, Lucile Watson, Mary Field, Johnny Lee, Nick Stewart, Roy Glenn, Clarence Nash, Erik Rolf, Olivier Urbain, George Nokes, Gene Holland, Helen Crozier, Anita Brown Musical, Drama Live action/Animation\n14 Fade to Black Compass International Pictures / American Cinema Releasing Vernon Zimmerman (director/screenplay); Dennis Christopher, Tim Thomerson, Norman Burton, Morgan Paull, Gwynne Gilford, Eve Brent Ashe, James Luisi, Linda Kerridge, John Steadman, Mickey Rourke, Peter Horton, Melinda O. Fee, Marcie Barkin Horror, Comedy Live action\n17 Foolin\' Around Columbia Pictures / GCC Productions Richard T. Heffron (director); Michael Kane, David Swift (screenplay); Gary Busey, Annette O\'Toole, Eddie Albert, Tony Randall, Cloris Leachman, Michael Talbott, John Calvin, William H. Macy Comedy, Romance, Sports Live action\nLoving Couples 20th Century Fox / Time-Life Films Jack Smight (director); Martin Donovan (screenplay); Shirley MacLaine, James Coburn, Susan Sarandon, Stephen Collins, Sally Kellerman, Nan Martin, Anne Bloom, Helena Carroll, Marilyn Chris, Pat Corley, Michael Currie, John de Lancie, Peter Hobbs, Sam Weisman Romance, Comedy Live action\nSchizoid Cannon Group / Golan-Globus Productions David Paulsen (director/screenplay); Klaus Kinski, Marianna Hill, Craig Wasson, Donna Wilkes, Christopher Lloyd, Richard Herd, Joe Regalbuto, Flo Gerrish, Kiva Lawrence Slasher Live action\nTimes Square Associated Film Distribution / EMI Films / Robert Stigwood Organisation Allan Moyle (director); Jacob Brackman (screenplay); Tim Curry, Trini Alvarado, Robin Johnson, Peter Coffield, Herbert Berghof, David Margulies, Anna Maria Horsford, Michael Margotta, J.C. Quinn, Tim Choate, Elizabeth Peña, Steve James, Jay Acovone Drama Live action\n18 Motel Hell United Artists Kevin Connor (director); Robert Jaffe, Steven-Charles Jaffe (screenplay); Rory Calhoun, Paul Linke, Nancy Parsons, Nina Axelrod, Wolfman Jack, Elaine Joyce, Monique St. Pierre, Rosanne Katon, John Ratzenberger, Dick Curtis, E. Hampton Beagle, Everett Creach, Michael Melvin, Victoria Hartman, Gwil Richards, Toni Gillman, Marc Silver, Shaylin Hendrixson, Heather Hendrixson Comedy, Horror Live action\n31 The Awakening Orion Pictures / EMI Films Mike Newell (director); Chris Bryant, Allan Scott, Clive Exton (screenplay); Charlton Heston, Susannah York, Jill Townsend, Stephanie Zimbalist, Patrick Drury, Bruce Myers, Nadim Sawalha, Ian McDiarmid, Ahmed Osman, Miriam Margoyles, Michael Mellinger, Leonard Maguire, Ishia Bennison, Madhav Sharma, Chris Fairbanks, Michael Halphie Horror Live action\nBorderline Associated Film Distribution / ITC Entertainment / Marble Arch Productions Jerrold Freedman (director/screenplay); Steve Kline (screenplay); Charles Bronson, Ed Harris, Bruno Kirby, Wilford Brimley, Michael Lerner, Bert Remsen, Kenneth McMillan, Karmin Murcelo, Norman Alden, John Ashton, Charles Cyphers, Enrique Castillo Action, Crime, Drama Live action\nSunday Lovers United Artists / Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Bryan Forbes, Édouard Molinaro, Gene Wilder, Dino Risi (directors); Leslie Bricusse, Agenore Incrocci, Furio Scarpelli, Francis Veber, Gene Wilder (screenplay); Gene Wilder, Roger Moore, Kathleen Quinlan, Lino Ventura, Ugo Tognazzi, Priscilla Barnes, Lynn Redgrave, Liù Bosisio, Denholm Elliott, Sylva Koscina, Beba Lončar, Rossana Podestà, Milena Vukotic, Robert Webber, Madeleine Barbulée, Lory Del Santo, Luis Ávalos, Catherine Spaak, Francesco D\'Adda, Catherine Salviat, George Hillsden, Adelita Requena, Tommy Duggan, Pierre Douglas, Michèle Montel, Gino Da Ronch, Gianfilippo Carcano, Vittorio Zarfati, María Teresa Lombardo, Dianne Crittenden, Randolph Dobbs Romance, Comedy Live action\nTouched by Love Columbia Pictures / Rastar Gus Trikonis (director); Hesper Anderson (screenplay); Diane Lane, Deborah Raffin, Michael Learned, John Amos, Cristina Raines, Mary Wickes, Clu Gulager Drama Live action\nWitches\' Brew United Artists Richard Shorr (director/screenplay); Syd Dutton (screenplay); Teri Garr, Richard Benjamin, Lana Turner, Kathryn Leigh Scott, Jordan Charney, Angus Scrimm, James Winkler, Bill Sorrells, Kelly Jean Peters, Nathan Roth, Bonnie Gondel Comedy, Horror Live action\nN\nO\nV\nE\nM\nB\nE\nR 3 The Long Good Friday Paramount Pictures / Black Lion Films / HandMade Films / Calendar Productions John Mackenzie (director); Barrie Keeffe (screenplay); Bob Hoskins, Helen Mirren, Bryan Marshall, Derek Thompson, Eddie Constantine, Dave King, P.H. Moriarty, Paul Freeman, Stephen Davies, Brian Hall, Paul Barber, Pauline Melville, Nigel Humphreys, Karl Howman, Gillian Taylforth, Dexter Fletcher, Pierce Brosnan, Daragh O\'Malley, Kevin McNally Gangster Live action\n7 The Boogeyman Jerry Gross Organization Ulli Lommel (director/screenplay); Suzanna Love, John Carradine, Ron James, Nicholas Love, Raymond Boyden Horror Live action\nChristmas Evil Pan American Pictures / Edward R. Pressman Film Lewis Jackson (director/screenplay); Brandon Maggart, Jeffrey DeMunn, Dianne Hull, Andy Fenwick, Mark Chamberlin, Peter Friedman, Patricia Richardson, Mark Margolis, Rutanya Alda, Joe Jamrog, Peter Neuman, Scott McKay, Gus Salud, Wally Moran, Burt Kleiner Slasher Live action\n11 Shogun Assassin New World Pictures / Katsu Robert Houston (director/screenplay); David Weisman, Kazuo Koike (screenplay); Tomisaburo Wakayama, Kayo Matsuo, Akiji Kobayashi, Shin Kishida, Taketoshi Naito, Akihiro Tomikawa, Reiko Kasahara, Minoru Ooki, Shougen Nitta, Tokio Ooki Live action\n14 The Idolmaker United Artists Taylor Hackford (director); Edward di Lorenzo (screenplay); Ray Sharkey, Peter Gallagher, Joe Pantoliano, Tovah Feldshuh, Paul Land, Maureen McCormick, Olympia Dukakis, John Aprea Musical, Drama Live action\nRaging Bull United Artists Martin Scorsese (director); Paul Schrader, Mardik Martin (screenplay); Robert De Niro, Joe Pesci, Cathy Moriarty, Nicholas Colasanto, Theresa Saldana, Frank Vincent, Lori Anne Flax, Mario Gallo, Frank Adonis, Joseph Bono, Frank Topham, Charles Scorsese, Geraldine Smith, Candy Moore, James V. Christy, Peter Savage, Don Dunphy, McKenzie Westmore, Gene LeBell, Shay Duffin, Martin Scorsese, John Turturro, Coley Wallace, Johnny Barnes, Bill Hanrahan, Kevin Mahon, Eddie Mustafa Muhammad, Floyd Anderson, Johnny Turner, Louis Raftis Biography, Sports, Drama Live action\n19 Heaven\'s Gate United Artists / Partisan Productions Michael Cimino (director/screenplay); Kris Kristofferson, Christopher Walken, John Hurt, Sam Waterston, Brad Dourif, Isabelle Huppert, Jeff Bridges, Joseph Cotten, Geoffrey Lewis, Paul Koslo, Richard Masur, Ronnie Hawkins, Terry O\'Quinn, Tom Noonan, Mickey Rourke, Willem Dafoe, Roseanne Vela, Nicholas Woodeson Epic, Western Live action\n21 The Apple The Cannon Group / NF Geria II / Filmgesellschaft mbH Menahem Golan (director/screenplay); Catherine Mary Stewart, Allan Love, Grace Kennedy, George Gilmour, Joss Ackland, Vladek Sheybal, Ray Shell, Miriam Margoyles, Derek Deadman, George S. Clinton, Finola Hughes, Femi Taylor, John Chester, Michael Logan, Francesca Poston, Leslie Meadows, Gunter Notthoff, Clem Davies, Coby Recht, Iris Recht Sci-Fi, Musical, Comedy Live action\nBabylon Kino Lorber Repertory / Seventy-Seven / National Film Finance Corporation Franco Rosso (director/screenplay); Martin Stellman (screenplay); Brinsley Forde, Karl Howman, Trevor Laird, T-Bone Wilson, Mel Smith, Stefan Kalipha, Mark Monero, Alan Igbon, King Sounds, Maggie Steed, Mikey Campbell, Angus Zeb, David Gant, Gary Whelan, Vilma Hollingbery, Jah Shaka, Brian Bovell, Victor Romero Evans, David N. Haynes, Archie Pool, Beverly Michaels, Beverley Dublin, Granville Garner, David Cunningham, Cosmo Laidlaw, Yvonne Agard, Donovan Platt, Anthony Trent, Patrick Worrall, Malcolm Frederick, Cynthia Powell, Ann Duncan Drama Live action\nHurray for Betty Boop Paramount Pictures / Fleischer Studios Dave Fleischer (director); Mae Questel Comedy Animation\nThe Visitor American International Pictures / The International Picture Show Company / Brouwersgracht Investments / Film Ventures International / Swan American Film Giulio Paradisi (director); Luciano Comici, Robert Mundi (screenplay); John Huston, Mel Ferrer, Glenn Ford, Lance Henriksen, Shelley Winters, Joanne Nail, Sam Peckinpah, Paige Conner, Neal Boortz, Steve Somers, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Franco Nero Sci-Fi, Horror Live action\n26 Rockshow Miramax Films / MPL Communications Paul McCartney, Linda McCartney, Denny Laine, Jimmy McCulloch, Joe English Concert Live action\nD\nE\nC\nE\nM\nB\nE\nR 1 A Change of Seasons 20th Century Fox / Film Finance Group / Polyc International BV Richard Lang (director); Erich Segal, Martin Ransohoff, Ronni Kern, Fred Segal (screenplay); Shirley MacLaine, Anthony Hopkins, Bo Derek, Michael Brandon, Mary Beth Hurt, Edward Winter, K Callan, Rod Colbin, Steve Eastin, Billy Beck, Karen Philipp, Paul Bryar Comedy, Drama Live action\n3 The Competition Columbia Pictures / Rastar Films Joel Oliansky (director/screenplay); Richard Dreyfuss, Amy Irving, Lee Remick, Sam Wanamaker, Joseph Cali, Gloria Stroock, Priscilla Pointer, James B. Sikking, Ty Henderson, Vicki Kriegler, Adam Stern, Bea Silvern, Philip Sterling, Delia Salvi Drama, Musical Live action\n4 Superman II in Australia only opens worldwide on June 19, 1981. Warner Bros. / Dovemead Ltd. / International Film Production Richard Lester (director); Mario Puzo, David Newman, Leslie Newman (screenplay); Christopher Reeve, Gene Hackman, Ned Beatty, Jackie Cooper, Sarah Douglas, Margot Kidder, Jack O\'Halloran, Valerie Perrine, Susannah York, Clifton James, E.G. Marshall, Marc McClure, Terence Stamp Superhero, Action Live action\n5 Flash Gordon Universal Pictures / Starling Productions / Famous Films Mike Hodges (director); Lorenzo Semple Jr. (screenplay); Sam J. Jones, Melody Anderson, Max von Sydow, Topol, Ornella Muti, Timothy Dalton, Brian Blessed, Peter Wyngarde, Mariangela Melato, Richard O\'Brien, John Osborne, Philip Stone, John Hallam, Suzanne Danielle, John Morton, William Hootkins, Robbie Coltrane, Peter Duncan, John Hollis, Leon Greene, Tony Scannell, Bogdan Kominowski, George Harris, Deep Roy, Bob Goody, Kenny Baker, Malcolm Dixon Space Opera Live action\n6 Popeye Paramount Pictures / Walt Disney Productions / Robert Evan Productions / King Features Syndicate Robert Altman (director); Jules Feiffer (screenplay); Robin Williams, Shelley Duvall, Paul L. Smith, Paul Dooley, Richard Libertini, Ray Walston, Donald Moffat, Roberta Maxwell, Donovan Scott, Allan F. Nicholls, Bill Irwin, Sharon Kinney, Linda Hunt, Geoff Hoyle, Wayne Robson, Klaus Voormann, Van Dyke Parks, Dennis Franz, Carlos Brown, Jack Mercer, John Wallace, MacIntyre Dixon, Wesley Ivan Hurt, Peter Bray Musical, Comedy Live action\n12 Stir Crazy Columbia Pictures Sidney Poitier (director); Bruce Jay Friedman (screenplay); Gene Wilder, Richard Pryor, Georg Stanford Brown, JoBeth Williams, Miguel Ángel Suárez, Craig T. Nelson, Barry Corbin, Charles Weldon, Nicolas Coster, Joel Brooks, Jonathan Banks, Erland Van Lidth, Cedrick Hardman, Luis Ávalos, Esther Sutherland, Pamela Poitier, Claudia Cron, Grand L. Bush, Lee Purcell, Lewis Van Bergen, Franklin Ajaye, Alvin Ing, Herbert Hirschman, Mickey Jones, Billy Beck Comedy Live action\n17 Any Which Way You Can Warner Bros. / The Malpaso Company Buddy Van Horn (director); Stanford Sherman, Jeremy Joe Kronsberg (screenplay); Clint Eastwood, Sondra Locke, Geoffrey Lewis, Ruth Gordon, William Smith, Barry Corbin, Harry Guardino, Michael Cavanaugh, James Gammon, John Quade, Al Ruscio, Jack Murdock, George Murdock, Dick Durock, Camila Ashlend, Anne Ramsey, Logan Ramsey, Jim Stafford, Michael Talbott, Mark L. Taylor, Jack Thibeau, Charles Walker Action, Comedy Live action\nThe Dogs of War United Artists John Irvin (director); Gary DeVore, George Malko (screenplay); Christopher Walken, Tom Berenger, Colin Blakely, Hugh Millais, Paul Freeman, Jean-François Stévenin, JoBeth Williams, Maggie Scott, Robert Urquhart, Winston Ntshona, Pedro Armendáriz Jr., Harlan Cary Poe, Ed O\'Neill, Shane Rimmer, George Harris, David Schofield, Terence Rigby, Olu Jacobs, Alan Beckwith, Jim Broadbent War Live action\nNightkill Cine Artist Film Ted Post (director); Joan Andre (screenplay); Jaclyn Smith, Mike Connors, James Franciscus, Robert Mitchum, Fritz Weaver, Sybil Danning, Belinda Mayne, Michael Anderson Jr., Tina Menard, Melanie MacQueen Crime, Horror, Thriller Live action\n19 9 to 5 20th Century Fox / IPC Films Colin Higgins (director/screenplay); Patricia Resnick (screenplay); Jane Fonda, Lily Tomlin, Dolly Parton, Dabney Coleman, Elizabeth Wilson, Sterling Hayden, Henry Jones, Lawrence Pressman, Marian Mercer, Renn Woods, Norma Donaldson, Roxanna Bonilla-Giannini, Peggy Pope, Richard Stahl, Ray Vitte Comedy Live action\nThe Aristocats (re-release) Walt Disney Productions / Buena Vista Distribution Wolfgang Reitherman (director); Ken Anderson, Larry Clemmons, Eric Cleworth, Vance Gerry, Julius Svendsen, Ralph Thomas, Ralph Wright (screenplay); Phil Harris, Eva Gabor, Sterling Holloway, Scatman Crothers, Paul Winchell, Lord Tim Hudson, Thurl Ravenscroft, Dean Clark, Liz English, Gary Dubin, Roddy Maude-Roxby, Vito Scotti, Pat Buttram, George Lindsey, Hermione Baddeley, Charles Lane, Nancy Kulp, Monica Evans, Carole Shelley, Bill Thompson, Peter Renaday, Mel Blanc, Ruth Buzzi, Robie Lester Romance, Musical, Comedy Live action\nThe Formula United Artists / CIP Filmproduktion John G. Avildsen (director); Steve Shagan (screenplay); Marlon Brando, George C. Scott, Marthe Keller, John Gielgud, G.D. Spradlin, Beatrice Straight, Richard Lynch, John van Dreelen, Robin Clarke, Ike Eisenmann, Marshall Thompson, Dieter Schidor, Werner Kreindl, Jan Niklas, Wolfgang Preiss, David Byrd, Ferdy Mayne, Alan North, Calvin Jung, Louis Basile, Gerry Murphy, Craig T. Nelson, Herb Voland Mystery Live action\nInside Moves Associated Film Distribution / ITC Entertainment Richard Donner (director); Valerie Curtin, Barry Levinson (screenplay); John Savage, David Morse, Diana Scarwid, Amy Wright, Tony Burton, Bill Henderson, Steve Kahan, Jack O\'Leary, Bert Remsen, Harold Russell, Pepe Serna, Harold Sylvester, William Frankfather, Arnold Williams, George Brenlin, Gerri Dean Drama Live action\nThe Jazz Singer Associated Film Distribution / EMI Films Richard Fleischer (director); Herbert Baker, Stephen H. Foreman (screenplay); Neil Diamond, Laurence Olivier, Lucie Arnaz, Catlin Adams, Franklin Ajaye, Paul Nicholas, Sully Boyar, Mike Kellin, James Booth Musical, Drama Live action\nThe Mirror Crack\'d Columbia-Warner Distributors / EMI Films / GW Films Guy Hamilton (director); Jonathan Hales, Barry Sandler (screenplay); Angela Lansbury, Elizabeth Taylor, Kim Novak, Rock Hudson, Edward Fox, Geraldine Chaplin, Tony Curtis, Charles Gray, Richard Pearson, Wendy Morgan, Margaret Courtenay, Carolyn Pickles, Charles Lloyd-Pack, Pat Nye, Norman Wooland, Richard Leech, Sam Kydd, Pierce Brosnan, Anthony Steel, Dinah Sheridan, Nigel Stock, Hildegard Neil, John Bennett, Allan Cuthbertson, Marella Oppenheim, Maureen Bennett, Eric Dodson, Thick Wilson, Peter Woodthorpe Mystery Live action\nSeems Like Old Times Columbia Pictures / Rastar Jay Sandrich (director); Neil Simon (screenplay); Chevy Chase, Goldie Hawn, Charles Grodin, Robert Guillaume, Yvonne Wilder, Harold Gould, George Grizzard, T.K. Carter, Judd Omen, Marc Alaimo, Chris Lemmon Comedy Live action\n25 Altered States Warner Bros. Ken Russell (director); Sidney Aaron (screenplay); William Hurt, Blair Brown, Bob Balaban, Charles Haid, Thaao Penghlis, Drew Barrymore, Megan Jeffers, Dori Brenner, Peter Brandon, George Gaynes, Jack Murdock, John Larroquette Sci-Fi, Horror Live action\nFirst Family Warner Bros. / F.F. Associates Buck Henry (director/screenplay); Bob Newhart, Madeline Kahn, Gilda Radner, Richard Benjamin, Bob Dishy, Harvey Korman, Fred Willard, Rip Torn, Austin Pendleton, John Hancock, Julius Harris Comedy Live action\nNever Never Land Sharp Features Paul Annett (director); Petula Clark, Cathleen Nesbitt, John Castle, Anne Seymour, Heather Miller, Evelyn Laye, Roland Culver Drama Live action\nBirths[edit]\nJanuary 4 - Greg Cipes, voice actor\nJanuary 7 – Hele Kõrve, Estonian actress and singer\nJanuary 8 – Sam Riley, English actor and singer\nJanuary 16 – Lin-Manuel Miranda, American singer-songwriter and actor[7]\nJanuary 17 – Zooey Deschanel, American singer-songwriter and actress[8]\nJanuary 18\nEstelle, British singer, songwriter, record producer and actress\nJason Segel, American actor, comedian, screenwriter, singer, songwriter, author and producer\nJanuary 21\nNana Mizuki, Japanese singer and voice actress\nKim Sharma, Indian actress\nJanuary 30 – Wilmer Valderrama, American actor\nFebruary 2 – Zhang Jingchu, Chinese actress\nFebruary 11 – Matthew Lawrence, American actor[9]\nFebruary 12 – Christina Ricci, American actress[10]\nFebruary 14 – Michelle Ye, Hong Kong actress and producer\nFebruary 17 - Jason Ritter, American actor, voice actor and producer[11]\nMarch 2 - Rebel Wilson, Australian actress, comedian, writer and producer[12]\nMarch 3 – Katherine Waterston, American actress[13]\nMarch 7\nLaura Prepon, American actress\nMart Toome, Estonian actor\nMarch 9 – Matthew Gray Gubler, American actor\nMarch 31\nKate Micucci, American actress\nMaaya Sakamoto, Japanese singer and voice actress\nApril 8 – Carrie Savage, American voice actress\nApril 13\nColleen Clinkenbeard, American voice actress\nKelli Giddish, American actress\nApril 26\nJordana Brewster, American actress\nChanning Tatum, American actor[14]\nMay 2 - Ellie Kemper, American actress and comedian[15]\nMay 8\nJasen Fisher, American former child actor\nKimberlee Peterson, American actress\nMay 22 – Evelin Võigemast, Estonian actress\nJune 10 - Jessica DiCicco, American film, television and voice actress\nJune 16 – Sibel Kekilli, German actress\nJune 23 – Melissa Rauch, American actress and comedian\nJune 24 – Minka Kelly, American actress\nJuly 3 – Olivia Munn, American actress\nJuly 6 – Eva Green, French actress\nJuly 15 – Jasper Pääkkönen, Finnish actor and film producer\nJuly 18 – Kristen Bell, American actress\nAugust 3 – Teuku Rifnu Wikana, Indonesian actor\nAugust 10 – Pua Magasiva, New Zealand actor (d. 2019)[16]\nAugust 18 – Preeti Jhangiani, Indian actress\nAugust 25 – Jackie Tohn, American actress and singer\nAugust 26\nMacaulay Culkin, American actor[17]\nChris Pine, American actor[18]\nSeptember 9 – Michelle Williams, American actress\nSeptember 13 – Ben Savage, American actor\nSeptember 21 – Kareena Kapoor, Indian actress\nSeptember 29 - Zachary Levi, American actor and singer\nOctober 8\nNick Cannon, American comedian, rapper and television host\nNathan Head, British actor\nOctober 14 – Ben Whishaw, English actor\nOctober 18 – Erin Dean, American former actress\nOctober 19 – Benjamin Salisbury, American actor\nOctober 24 – Monica, American singer-songwriter, producer and actress\nOctober 29 – Ben Foster, American actor\nNovember 12 – Ryan Gosling, Canadian actor\nDecember 3\nAnna Chlumsky, American actress\nJenna Dewan, American actress and dancer\nDecember 18 - Christina Aguilera, American singer, songwriter, actress and television personality\nDecember 19\nJake Gyllenhaal, American actor\nMarla Sokoloff, American actress\nDecember 30 – Eliza Dushku, American actress\nNotable deaths[edit]\nMonth Date Name Age Country Profession Notable films\nJanuary 14 Robert Ardrey 71 US Screenwriter\nThe Three MusketeersKhartoum\n17 Barbara Britton 60 US Actress\nThe VirginianCaptain Kidd\n22 Iris Meredith 64 US Actress\nThe Green ArcherThe Spider\'s Web\n24 Lil Dagover 92 Germany Actress\nThe Cabinet of Dr. CaligariDestiny\n24 James Poe 58 US Screenwriter\nAround the World in 80 DaysThe Big Knife\n26 Dolly Rudeman 77 Netherlands Film poster designer\nBattleship PotemkinCity LightsThe Divine Woman\n27 Peppino De Filippo 76 Italy Actor\nToto, Peppino, and the HussyBoccaccio \'70\n28 Erle C. Kenton 83 US Director\nHouse of FrankensteinWho Done It?\n29 Jimmy Durante 86 US Actor, Singer\nIt\'s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad WorldFrosty the Snowman\nFebruary 1 Romolo Valli 54 Italy Actor\nThe Leopard1900\n4 David Whitaker 52 UK Writer\nCity Under the SeaDaleks – Invasion Earth: 2150 A.D.\n9 Renée Houston 77 UK Actress, Writer\nRepulsionThe Horse\'s Mouth\n13 David Janssen 48 US Actor\nThe Green BeretsThe Shoes of the Fisherman\n18 Gale Robbins 58 US Actress, Singer\nCalamity JaneThree Little Words\n26 Mario Mattoli 81 Italy Director, Screenwriter\nFunniest Show on EarthImputato, alzatevi!\n27 George Tobias 78 US Actor\nThe Glenn Miller StoryYankee Doodle Dandy\nMarch 5 Jay Silverheels 67 US Actor\nBroken ArrowThe Lone Ranger\n8 Frank McDonald 80 US Director\nIsle of FuryIn Old Missouri\n27 Steve Fisher 67 US Screenwriter\nDead ReckoningLady in the Lake\n28 Dick Haymes 61 US Actor, Singer\nOne Touch of VenusState Fair\n30 David Sharpe 70 US Stuntman, Actor\nDick Tracy ReturnsTrail Riders\nApril 9 Kathleen Burke 66 US Actress\nIsland of Lost SoulsThe Lives of a Bengal Lancer\n10 Kay Medford 65 US Actress\nFunny GirlA Face in the Crowd\n11 Charlotte Henry 66 US Actress\nAlice in WonderlandBabes in Toyland\n15 Raymond Bailey 75 US Actor\nVertigoThe Gallant Hours\n16 Harry Hutchinson 87 Ireland Actor Blowup\n17 Alf Sjöberg 76 Sweden Director\nOnly a MotherWild Birds\n19 Tony Beckley 50 UK Actor\nThe Italian JobGet Carter\n25 Mario Bava 65 Italy Director, Screenwriter, Cinematographer\nBlack SabbathThe Whip and the Body\n26 Cicely Courtneidge 87 UK Actress, Singer\nTake My TipUnder Your Hat\n29 William Clemens 74 US Director\nThe Case of the Stuttering BishopCalling Philo Vance\n29 Alfred Hitchcock 80 UK Director, Producer\nPsychoRear Window\nMay 1 Henry Levin 70 US Director\nMurderers\' RowWhere the Boys Are\n1 Gene Markey 84 US Screenwriter\nOn the AvenueLuxury Liner\n2 George Pal 72 Hungary Producer\nWar of the WorldsThe Time Machine\n4 Kay Hammond 71 UK Actress\nBlithe SpiritFive Golden Hours\n12 Lillian Roth 69 US Actress, Writer\nAnimal CrackersLadies They Talk About\n14 Hugh Griffith 67 Wales Actor\nBen-HurStart the Revolution Without Me\n16 José Calvo 64 Spain Actor\nA Fistful of DollarsI Giorni dell\'ira\nJune 4 Gloria Saunders 52 US Actress\nCaptive WomenNorthwest Territory\n12 Milburn Stone 75 US Actor\nCaptive Wild WomanSherlock Holmes Faces Death\n18 Terence Fisher 76 UK Director\nDraculaThe Curse of Frankenstein\n22 Monang Carvajal 82 Philippines Actress\nAnak DalitaThe Moises Padilla Story\n23 John Laurie 83 UK Actor\nThe ReptileDad\'s Army\n23 Odile Versois 50 France Actress\nTo Paris with LoveThe Young Lovers\n28 Jose Iturbi 84 Spain Conductor, Actor\nAnchors AweighThree Daring Daughters\nJuly 6 Gail Patrick 69 US Producer, Actress\nMy Man GodfreyMy Favorite Wife\n7 Reginald Gardiner 77 UK Actor\nThe Great DictatorThe Man Who Came to Dinner\n7 Dore Schary 74 US Producer, Screenwriter, Studio Executive\nBoys TownSunrise at Campobello\n11 Peggy Knudsen 57 US Actress\nThe Big SleepHalf Past Midnight\n24 Peter Sellers 54 UK Actor\nDr. StrangeloveLolita\n30 Charles McGraw 66 US Actor\nThe Narrow MarginSpartacus\n31 Bobby Van 51 US Actor, Dancer\nKiss Me KateLost Horizon\nAugust 1 Strother Martin 61 US Actor\nThe Wild BunchButch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\n7 Norman Atkyns 74 UK Actor Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell\n9 Elliot Nugent 83 US Director\nMy Favorite BrunetteUp in Arms\n14 Dorothy Stratten 20 US Actress\nGalaxinaThey All Laughed\n25 Gower Champion 59 US Actor, Dancer, Director\nShow BoatTill the Clouds Roll By\nSeptember 3 Barbara O\'Neil 70 US Actress\nGone with the WindAll This, and Heaven Too\n4 Duncan Renaldo 76 US Actor\nLady LuckThe Cisco Kid Returns\n5 Barbara Loden 48 US Actress, Director\nSplendor in the GrassWanda\n24 Theodor Luts 84 Brazil Cinematographer, Director Substitute Wife\n25 Lewis Milestone 84 Russia Director\nAll Quiet on the Western FrontOcean\'s 11\nOctober 6 Hattie Jacques 58 UK Actress\nScroogeOliver Twist\n28 Leon Janney 63 Mexico Actor\nCharlyPenrod and Sam\nNovember 4 Noel Langley 68 South Africa Screenwriter\nThe Wizard of OzScrooge\n7 Emilio Cigoli 70 Italy Actor\nShoeshineSunday in August\n7 Steve McQueen 50 Mexico Actor, Producer\nThe Great EscapePapillon\n9 Carmel Myers 81 US Actress\nAll NightBen-Hur\n15 Bill Lee 64 US Actor, Singer\nMary PoppinsAlice in Wonderland\n22 Mae West 87 US Actress, Writer\nShe Done Him WrongI\'m No Angel\n24 George Raft 79 US Actor\nSome Like It HotThey Drive by Night\n26 Rachel Roberts 53 US Actress\nMurder on the Orient ExpressPicnic at Hanging Rock\nDecember 8 John Lennon 40 US Actor, Musician, Producer\nA Hard Day\'s NightHow I Won the War\n16 Peter Collinson 44 US Director, Producer, Writer\nThe Italian JobAnd Then There Were None\n18 Gabrielle Robinne 94 France Actress The Assassination of the Duke of Guise\n20 Ben Sharpsteen 85 US Director, Producer\nPinocchioDumbo\n21 Marc Connelly 90 US Actor\nThe Spirit of St. LouisTall Story\n23 Memmo Carotenuto 72 Italy Actor\nBig Deal on Madonna StreetBread, Love and Dreams\n28 Sam Levene 75 US Actor\nSweet Smell of SuccessBrute Force\n31 Raoul Walsh 93 US Director, Writer, Actor\nWhite HeatHigh Sierra\nFilm debuts[edit]\nChristopher Atkins – The Blue Lagoon\nAdam Baldwin – My Bodyguard\nDrew Barrymore – Altered States\nJennifer Beals – My Bodyguard\nPierce Brosnan – The Long Good Friday\nRobbie Coltrane – Flash Gordon\nJoan Cusack – My Bodyguard\nWillem Dafoe – Heaven\'s Gate\nTony Danza – The Hollywood Knights\nMichael J. Fox – Midnight Madness\nPeter Gallagher – The Idolmaker\nJulie Hagerty – Airplane!\nTom Hanks – He Knows You\'re Alone\nLinda Hunt – Popeye\nWilliam Hurt – Altered States\nTimothy Hutton – Ordinary People\nJeremy Irons – Nijinsky\nRalph Macchio – Up the Academy\nGabriel Macht – Why Would I Lie?\nWilliam H. Macy – Somewhere in Time\nSophie Marceau – La Boum\nChristopher McDonald – The Hearse\nElizabeth McGovern – Ordinary People\nCathy Moriarty – Raging Bull\nDavid Morse – Inside Moves\nCynthia Nixon – Little Darlings\nCatherine O\'Hara – Deadly Companion\nEd O\'Neill – Cruising\nTerry O\'Quinn – Heaven\'s Gate\nJoe Pantoliano – The Idolmaker\nDolly Parton – 9 to 5\nMichelle Pfeiffer – The Hollywood Knights\nHarold Ramis – Caddyshack (actor)\nJudge Reinhold – Running Scared\nPaul Reubens – Pray TV\nSharon Stone – Stardust Memories\nDavid Strathairn – Return of the Secaucus 7\nMeg Tilly – Fame\nJohn Turturro – Raging Bull\nDianne Wiest – It\'s My Turn\nBruce Willis – The First Deadly Sin\nMare Winningham – One-Trick Pony\nNicholas Woodeson – Heaven\'s Gate\nSean Young – Jane Austen in Manhattan\nSee also[edit]\nList of American films of 1980\nList of British films of 1980\nList of French films of 1980\nList of German films of the 1980s\nList of Bollywood films of 1980\nList of Italian films of 1980\nList of Japanese films of 1980\nList of Swedish films of the 1980s\nNotes[edit]\nReferences[edit]\n^ "1980 Domestic Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 7 April 2014.\n^ "\'Star Wars\' B.O. History". Variety. May 17, 1999. p. 30.\n^ "The Empire Strikes Back (1980)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 13, 2013.\n^ Gorelik, Boris (12 July 2014). "Jamie se treffer: Met Uys, ja – die wêreld in". Rapport. Media24. Retrieved 2014-07-14.\n^ Dawes, Amy (February 7, 1991). "Directors Guild Gives Capra Nod To Howard Koch". Daily Variety. p. 1.\n^ "The Blues Brothers". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved December 16, 2008.\n^ "Lin-Manuel Biography (1980–)". Biography.com. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.\n^ Editors of Chase\'s (30 September 2018). Chase\'s Calendar of Events 2019: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-64143-264-1.\n^ Contemporary; Sandra Whiteley (1999). The Teacher\'s Calendar, 1999-2000: The Day-by-day Directory to Holidays, Historic Events, Birthdays and Special Days, Weeks and Months. Contemporary Books. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-8092-2662-7.\n^ Chase\'s Editors; Contemporary Books (September 2002). Chase\'s Calendar of Events 2003. McGraw-Hill. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-07-139098-9.\n^ "The birth of Jason Ritter". californiabirthindex.org. Retrieved 2020-10-02.\n^ Aubusson, Kate (20 May 2015). "Rebel Wilson\'s birth date revealed in ASIC documents". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 May 2015. Business records filed with the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) list the date of birth for a "Rebel Melanie Elizabeth Wilson" as March 2, 1980\n^ "Person Details for Katherine B Waterston, "United States Public Records, 1945-2009" — FamilySearch.org". familysearch.org. Retrieved July 23, 2014.\n^ "Monitor". Entertainment Weekly (1255/1256): 31. 2013.\n^ "Ellie Kemper". TVGuide.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2016.\n^ Owen, Catrin. "Pua Magasiva\'s life in the spotlight and the \'demons\' behind it". Stuff. Retrieved 18 December 2019.\n^ Paul T. Hellmann (14 February 2006). Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Routledge. p. 783. ISBN 1-135-94859-3.\n^ Editors of Chase\'s (30 September 2018). Chase\'s Calendar of Events 2019: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 428. ISBN 978-1-64143-264-1.\nhide\nvte\n1980 films\nAmerican Argentine Australian Bangladeshi British Brazilian Canadian Egyptian French Ghanaian Hong Kong Indian Bengali Bollywood Kannada Malayalam Marathi Ollywood Tamil Telugu Israeli Italian Japanese Mexican Pakistani South Korean Soviet Spanish\n1980s portalFilm portal', 'num_links': 5457, 'num_images': 5, 'last_edited': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 27, 9, 4)}, {'title': 'Sylvester Stallone', 'description': 'Sylvester Stallone\nStallone in 2019\nBorn Michael Sylvester Gardenzio Stallone\nJuly 6, 1946 (age 74)\nNew York City, U.S.\nOther names\n"Sly" Stallone\nEducation Miami Dade College\nUniversity of Miami\nOccupation Actor, director, producer, screenwriter\nYears active 1968–present\nSpouse(s) Sasha Czack\n(m. 1974; div. 1985)\nBrigitte Nielsen\n(m. 1985; div. 1987)\nJennifer Flavin (m. 1997)\nChildren 5, including Sage and Sistine\nParent(s) Frank Stallone (father)\nJackie Stallone (mother)\nRelatives Frank Stallone Jr. (brother)\nWebsite sylvesterstallone.com\nSignature\nSylvester Enzio Stallone (/stəˈloʊn/; born Michael Sylvester Gardenzio Stallone, July 6, 1946) is an American actor, screenwriter, director, and producer.[1] After his beginnings as a struggling actor for a number of years upon arriving to New York City in 1969 and later Hollywood in 1974, he won his first critical acclaim as an actor for his co-starring role as Stanley Rosiello in The Lords of Flatbush. Stallone subsequently found gradual work as an extra or side character in films with a sizeable budget until he achieved his greatest critical and commercial success as an actor, starting in 1976 with his self-created role as boxer Rocky Balboa, in the first film of the successful Rocky series (1976–present). In the films, Rocky is portrayed as an underdog boxer who fights numerous brutal opponents, and wins the world heavyweight championship twice.\nIn 1977, Stallone was the third actor in cinema to be nominated for two Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay and Best Actor. Stallone\'s film Rocky was inducted into the National Film Registry, and had its props placed in the Smithsonian Museum. Stallone\'s use of the front entrance to the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the Rocky series led the area to be nicknamed the Rocky Steps. Philadelphia has a statue of his character Rocky placed permanently near the museum, and he was voted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame.\nUp until 1982, Stallone\'s films were not big box office successes unless they were Rocky sequels, and none received the critical acclaim achieved with the first Rocky. This changed with the successful action film First Blood in which he portrayed the PTSD-plagued soldier John Rambo. He would play the role in a total of five Rambo films (1982–2019). From the mid 1980s through to the late 1990s, Stallone would go on to become one of Hollywood\'s highest-paid actors of that era by appearing in a slew of commercially successful action films, but generally panned by critics. These include Cobra, Tango and Cash, Cliffhanger, Demolition Man, and The Specialist.\nStallone saw a decline in popularity in the early 2000s, but rebounded back to prominence in 2006 with a sixth installment in the Rocky series and 2008 with a fourth in the Rambo series. In the 2010s, Stallone launched The Expendables films series (2010–2014), in which he played the lead as the mercenary Barney Ross. In 2013, he starred in the successful Escape Plan, and acted in its sequels. In 2015, Stallone returned to the Rocky series with Creed, that serve as spin-off films focusing on Adonis "Donnie" Creed played by Michael B. Jordan, the son of the ill-fated boxer Apollo Creed, to whom the long-retired Rocky is a mentor. Reprising the role brought Stallone praise, and his first Golden Globe award for the first Creed, as well as a third Oscar nomination, having been first nominated for the same role 40 years prior.\nStallone is the only actor in the history of U.S. cinema to have starred in a box office number one film across five consecutive decades.[2]\nContents\n1 Early life\n2 Film career\n2.1 Early roles to breakthrough: 1968–1976\n2.2 Subsequent success: 1978–1999\n2.3 Declining years: 2000–2005\n2.4 Return to success: 2006–present\n2.5 Works in development\n3 Multiple tasks in media\n4 Personal life\n4.1 Injuries\n4.2 Sexual assault allegations\n4.3 Religious views\n4.4 Political views\n5 Awards and honors\n6 Selected filmography\n7 References\n8 External links\nEarly life\nMichael Sylvester Gardenzio Stallone[3][4] was born in the Hell\'s Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City[5] on July 6, 1946,[6] the elder son of Francesco "Frank" Stallone Sr., a hairdresser and beautician, and Jacqueline "Jackie" Stallone (née Labofish; 1921–2020), an astrologer, dancer, and promoter of women\'s wrestling. His Italian father was born in Gioia del Colle, Italy and moved to the U.S. in the 1930s,[7][8] while his American mother is of French (from Brittany) and Eastern European descent.[9][10][11][12][13] His younger brother is actor and musician Frank Stallone.\nComplications suffered by Stallone\'s mother during labor forced her obstetricians to use two pairs of forceps during his birth; misuse of these forceps accidentally severed a nerve and caused paralysis in parts of Stallone\'s face.[14][15] As a result, the lower left side of his face is paralyzed (including parts of his lip, tongue, and chin), an accident which gave him his signature snarling look and slurred speech.[15][16] He was baptized Catholic.[17] His father moved the family to Washington, D.C. in the early 1950s to open a beauty school. In 1954, his mother opened a women\'s gym called Barbella\'s.[18] Stallone attended Notre Dame Academy and Lincoln High School in Philadelphia,[19] as well as Charlotte Hall Military Academy, prior to attending Miami Dade College.[20] He spent two years, from September 1965 to June 1967, at the American College of Switzerland and returned to the United States to study as a drama major at the University of Miami, from 1967 to 1969.[21] Until 1969, he appeared on the stage under the name Mike Stallone; in 1970, he started using the stage name Sylvester E. Stallone.\nFilm career\nEarly roles to breakthrough: 1968–1976\nWhile attending the University of Miami, Stallone had a role in the drama That Nice Boy (aka The Square Root), filmed in 1968.[22][23][24] Stallone had his first starring role in the softcore pornography feature film The Party at Kitty and Stud\'s (1970). He was paid US$200 for two days\' work.[25] Stallone later explained that he had done the film out of desperation after being evicted from his apartment and finding himself homeless for several days. He has also said that he slept three weeks in the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York City prior to seeing a casting notice for the film. In the actor\'s words, "it was either do that movie or rob someone, because I was at the end – the very end – of my rope".[26] The film was released several years later as Italian Stallion, in order to cash in on Stallone\'s newfound fame (the new title was taken from Stallone\'s nickname since Rocky). Stallone also starred in the erotic off-Broadway stage play Score which ran for 23 performances at the Martinique Theatre from October 28 to November 15, 1971, and was later made into the 1974 film Score by Radley Metzger.[27]\nAfter moving to New York City, Stallone shared an apartment with his girlfriend, Sasha Czack, who supporting them by working as a waitress and she was an aspiring actress herself.[28] Stallone took odd jobs around this time, including being a cleaner at a zoo, and a movie theater usher; he was fired from the latter for scalping tickets. He furthered his writing skills by frequenting a local library, and became interested in the works of Edgar Allan Poe.[29]\nIn 1972, Stallone was on the verge of giving up on having an acting career; in what he later described as a low point, he tried and failed to get a job as an extra in The Godfather.[30][31] Instead, he was relegated to a background role in another Hollywood hit, What\'s Up, Doc?, starring Barbra Streisand. Stallone is hardly visible in his two appearances.\nStallone happened to be acting in a play that a friend invited him to partake in, and an agent in attendance thought that Stallone fit the role of Stanley, a main character in The Lords of Flatbush, which had a start-stop schedule from 1972 to 1974 over budget issues.[32] Stallone, around mid-1973, achieved his first proper starring role, in the independent film No Place to Hide, playing a man who is associated with a New York-based urban terrorist movement, with a jewellery-seller as his love interest. The film was re-cut and retitled Rebel years later, this second version featuring Stallone as its star. In 1990, this film was re-edited with outtakes from the original movie and newly shot matching footage, then redubbed – in the style of Woody Allen\'s What\'s Up, Tiger Lily? – into a parody of itself titled A Man Called... Rainbo.\nStallone\'s other first few film roles were minor, and included brief uncredited appearances in MASH (1970), as a soldier sitting at a table; Pigeons (1970), as a party guest; Woody Allen\'s Bananas (1971), as a subway thug; in the psychological thriller Klute (1971), as an extra dancing in a club; and in the Jack Lemmon film The Prisoner of Second Avenue (1975), as a youth. In the latter film, Jack Lemmon\'s character chases, tackles, and mugs Stallone, thinking that Stallone\'s character is a pickpocket. He had his second starring role in 1974, in The Lords of Flatbush.[15] In 1975, he played supporting roles in Farewell, My Lovely; Capone; and Death Race 2000. He made guest appearances on the TV series Police Story and Kojak. He is also supposedly in Mandingo. It is often said that his scene was deleted.[33]\nStallone gained worldwide fame with his starring role in the smash hit Rocky (1976), a sports drama about a struggling boxer, Rocky Balboa, taking on heavyweight champion Apollo Creed.[15] On March 24, 1975, Stallone saw the Muhammad Ali–Chuck Wepner fight. That night Stallone went home, and after three days[34] and 20 straight hours,[35] he had written the script, but Stallone subsequently denied that Wepner provided any inspiration for it.[36][37] Other possible inspirations for the film may have included Rocky Graziano\'s autobiography Somebody Up There Likes Me, and the movie of the same name. Wepner filed a lawsuit which was eventually settled with Stallone for an undisclosed amount.[37] Stallone attempted to sell the script to multiple studios, with the intention of playing the lead role himself. Irwin Winkler and Robert Chartoff became interested and offered Stallone US$350,000 for the rights, but had their own casting ideas for the lead role, including Robert Redford and Burt Reynolds. Stallone refused to sell unless he played the lead character and eventually, after a substantial budget cut to compromise, it was agreed he could be the star.[38] Upon its release critic Roger Ebert stated that Stallone could become the next Marlon Brando.\nIn 1977, at the 49th Academy Awards, Rocky was nominated for ten Oscars, including Best Actor and Best Original Screenplay nominations for Stallone. The film went on to win the Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Directing, and Best Film Editing.\nSubsequent success: 1978–1999\nStallone at the Ken Norton / Duane Bobick boxing match in 1977\nStallone made his directorial debut and starred in the 1978 film Paradise Alley, a family drama in which he played one of three brothers who get involved in professional wrestling. That same year, he starred in Norman Jewison\'s F.I.S.T., a social drama in which he plays a warehouse worker, very loosely modelled on James Hoffa, who becomes involved in labor union leadership.\nIn 1979, he wrote, directed and starred in Rocky II (replacing John G. Avildsen, who won an Academy Award for directing the first film). The sequel became a major success,[15] grossing US$200 million.\nIn 1981, he starred alongside Michael Caine and soccer star Pelé in Escape to Victory, a sports drama in which he plays a prisoner of war involved in a Nazi propaganda soccer game. That same year, he starred in the thriller Nighthawks, in which he plays a New York city cop who plays a cat-and-mouse game with a foreign terrorist, played by Rutger Hauer.\nIn 1982, Stallone starred as Vietnam veteran John Rambo, a former Green Beret, in the action film First Blood,[15] which was both a critical and box office success. Critics praised Stallone\'s performance, saying he made Rambo seem human, as opposed to the way he is portrayed in the book of the same name. It launched the Rambo franchise. That year Rocky III was released in which Stallone wrote, directed, and starred. The third sequel became a box office success. In preparation for these roles, Stallone embarked upon a vigorous training regimen, which often meant six days a week in the gym and further sit-ups in the evenings. Stallone claims to have reduced his body fat percentage to his all-time low of 2.8% for Rocky III.[39]\nIn 1983, he directed Staying Alive, the sequel to Saturday Night Fever, starring John Travolta. This was the only film Stallone directed that he did not star in. Staying Alive was universally panned by film critics.[40] Despite being a critical failure, Staying Alive was a commercial success. The film opened with the biggest weekend for a musical film ever (at the time) with a gross of $12,146,143 from 1,660 screens.[41][42] Overall, the film grossed nearly $65 million in the US box office against its $22 million budget. Worldwide it grossed $127 million.[43] Though the US box office intake was significantly less than the $139.5 million[44] earned by Saturday Night Fever, the film nevertheless ranked in the top ten most financially successful films of 1983.\nStallone during the 1980s was one of the biggest action film stars in the world.[45] He occasionally attempted, albeit unsuccessfully, roles in different genres. In 1984, he co-wrote and starred alongside Dolly Parton in the comedy film Rhinestone, where he played a wannabe country music singer. For the Rhinestone soundtrack, he performed a song. Stallone turned down the lead male role in Romancing the Stone in order to make Rhinestone instead, a decision he later regretted.[46]\nIn 1985, Stallone continued his success with the Rocky and Rambo franchises with Rocky IV and Rambo: First Blood Part II. Stallone has portrayed these two characters in a total of 11 films. Stallone met former Mr. Olympia Franco Columbu to develop his character\'s appearance for the films Rocky IV, just as if he were preparing for the Mr. Olympia competition. That meant two workouts a day, six days a week.[47] Both films were major financial successes.\nIt was around 1985 that Stallone was signed to a remake of the 1939 James Cagney classic Angels With Dirty Faces. The film would form part of his multi-picture deal with Cannon Films and was to co-star Christopher Reeve and be directed by Menahem Golan. The re-making of such a beloved classic was met with disapproval by Variety and horror by top critic Roger Ebert. Cannon opted to make the action film Cobra which was released in 1986 and became a box office success. It leads up to his production company White Eagle Enterprises.[48]\nStallone as John Rambo in Rambo III (1988)\nIn 1987, he starred in the family drama Over the Top as a struggling trucker who tries to make amends with his estranged son and enters an arm wrestling competition. This was poorly received by critics and was a box office failure.[49] In 1989, he co-starred alongside Kurt Russell in the buddy cop action film Tango & Cash, which did solid business domestically and overseas, grossing US$57 million in foreign markets and over US$120 million worldwide.[50]\nStallone became a boxing promoter in the 1980s. His boxing promoting company, Tiger Eye Productions, signed world champion boxers Sean O\'Grady and Aaron Pryor.[51]\nStallone began the 1990s starring in the fifth installment of the Rocky franchise, Rocky V. This film brought back the first film\'s director, John G. Avildsen, and was intended to be the final installment in the series. It was considered a box office disappointment and received negative reviews.[52]\nStallone next appeared in John Landis\' period comedy Oscar which was both a critical and box office failure.[53] In 1992, he appeared in Roger Spottiswoode\'s action comedy Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot[54] which was also both a critical and box office disaster. Stallone signed onto the film based on rumors that Arnold Schwarzenegger was interested in the lead. Schwarzenegger said that, knowing the script was "really bad", he had publicly faked interest in starring for producers to lure Stallone.[55]\nIn 1993, he made a comeback with Renny Harlin\'s action thriller Cliffhanger.[56] which was a success in the US, grossing US$84 million, and worldwide, grossing US$171 million.[57] Later that year, he starred in the futuristic action film Demolition Man directed by Marco Brambilla, co-starring Wesley Snipes and Sandra Bullock.[58] On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 60% based on 42 reviews, with an average rating of 5.43/10. The site\'s consensus reads: "A better-than-average sci-fi shoot-em-up with a satirical undercurrent, Demolition Man is bolstered by strong performances by Stallone, Snipes, and Bullock."[59] The film debuted at No. 1 at the box office.[60][61][62] Demolition Man grossed $58,055,768 by the end of its box office run in North America and $159,055,768 worldwide.[63]\nHis string of hits continued with 1994\'s The Specialist co-starring Sharon Stone and directed by Luis Llosa, which opened in the U.S. on October 7.[64] While the critical reception was overwhelmingly negative,[65] the film was a commercial success.[66] In its opening weekend it made $14,317,765 and ended up making back its budget with $57,362,582 at the domestic box office while making another $113,000,000 overseas, giving it a worldwide gross of $170,362,582.[67]\nStallone at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival\nIn 1995, he played the title character (from the British comic book 2000 AD) in the science fiction action film Judge Dredd. His overseas box office appeal saved the domestic box office disappointment of Judge Dredd, which cost almost US$100 million and barely made its budget back, with a worldwide tally of US$113 million. Despite the film\'s poor box office performance, Stallone signed a three-picture deal with Universal Pictures for $60 million, making him the second star after Jim Carrey to receive $20 million per film. The deal expired in February 2000 without him making any films, however, so he received no payment.[68]\nThat year, he also appeared in the thriller Assassins with Julianne Moore and Antonio Banderas. That same year, Stallone, along with an all-star cast of celebrities, appeared in the Trey Parker and Matt Stone short comedy film "Your Studio and You" commissioned by the Seagram Company for a party celebrating their acquisition of Universal Studios and the MCA Corporation. Stallone speaks in his Rocky Balboa voice with subtitles translating what he is saying. At one point, Stallone starts yelling about how can they use his Balboa character, that he left it in the past; the narrator calms him with a wine cooler and calling him "brainiac." In response, Stallone says, "Thank you very much." He then looks at the wine cooler and exclaims, "Stupid cheap studio!"[69]\nIn 1996, he starred in the disaster film Daylight as a disgraced former emergency services chief who attempts to rescue survivors of an underground tunnel explosion. Daylight also underperformed at the domestic box office, grossing $33 million, but did better overseas and grossed a total of $158 million worldwide.[70]\nIn 1997, Stallone was cast against type as an overweight sheriff in the crime drama Cop Land (1997), in which he starred alongside Robert De Niro and Ray Liotta. The film was critically well-received and Stallone\'s performance earned him the Stockholm International Film Festival Best Actor Award.\nIn 1998, he did voice-over work for the computer-animated film Antz, which was a big hit domestically.\nDeclining years: 2000–2005\nIn 2000, Stallone starred in the thriller Get Carter, a remake of the 1971 British film of the same name, but the film was poorly received by both critics and audiences. Stallone\'s career declined considerably after his subsequent films Driven (2001), Avenging Angelo (2002) and D-Tox were also critical and commercial failures.\nIn 2003, he played a villainous role in the third installment of the Spy Kids series: Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over, which was a huge box office success (almost US$200 million worldwide). Stallone also had a cameo appearance in the 2003 French film Taxi 3 as a passenger. Also that year, Stallone started to regain prominence for his supporting role in the neo-noir crime drama Shade which was only released in a limited fashion but was praised by critics.[71] He was also attached to star and direct a film tentatively titled Rampart Scandal, which was to be about the murder of rappers Tupac Shakur and The Notorious B.I.G. and the surrounding Los Angeles Police Department corruption scandal.[72] It was later titled Notorious but was shelved.[73]\nIn 2005, alongside Sugar Ray Leonard, he was the co-presenter of the NBC Reality television boxing series The Contender. That same year he also made a guest appearance in two episodes of the television series Las Vegas. That year, Stallone also inducted wrestling icon Hulk Hogan, who appeared in Rocky III as a wrestler named Thunderlips, into the WWE Hall of Fame; Stallone was also the person who offered Hogan the cameo in Rocky III.[74] In August, Stallone released his book Sly Moves which claimed to be a guide to fitness and nutrition as well as a candid insight into his life and works from his own perspective. The book also contained many photographs of Stallone throughout the years as well as pictures of him performing exercises.\nReturn to success: 2006–present\n16 years after filming Rocky V, Stallone reprised his role as Rocky Balboa in 2006\nAfter a three-year hiatus from films, Stallone had a comeback in 2006 with the sixth installment of his successful Rocky series, Rocky Balboa, which was a critical and commercial hit. After the critical and box office failure of the previous installment Rocky V, Stallone had decided to write, direct and star in a sixth installment which would be a more appropriate climax to the series. The total domestic box office came to US$70.3 million (and US$155.7 million worldwide).[75] The budget of the movie was only US$24 million. His performance in Rocky Balboa has been praised and garnered mostly positive reviews.[76] That year, the development Death Wish remake began, when Stallone announced that he would be directing and starring in a remake of the 1974 film. Stallone said, "Instead of the Charles Bronson character being an architect, my version would have him as a very good cop who had incredible success without ever using his gun. So when the attack on his family happens, he\'s really thrown into a moral dilemma in proceeding to carry out his revenge." He later told the publication that he was no longer involved.[77][78] In a 2009 interview with MTV, though, Stallone stated that he was again considering the project.[79] However the role went to Bruce Willis with Eli Roth as director.\nStallone partnered with a beverage company producing an upscale bottled water brand called Sly Water.[80]\nIn 2008, Stallone\'s fourth installment of his other successful movie franchise was titled simply Rambo (John Rambo in some countries where the first movie was titled Rambo). The film opened in 2,751 theaters on January 25, 2008, grossing US$6,490,000 on its opening day and US$18,200,000 over its opening weekend. Its box office was US$113,244,290 worldwide with a budget of US$50 million.\nIn July 2009, Stallone appeared as a cameo in the Bollywood movie Kambakkht Ishq, where he played himself.[81]\nStallone in 2009 at the 66th Venice International Film Festival\nIt was announced on December 7, 2010 that Stallone was voted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in the non-participant category.[82] Also that year, Stallone wrote, directed and starred in the ensemble action film The Expendables. The movie, which was filmed during summer/winter 2009, was released on August 13, 2010. Joining him in the film were fellow action stars Jason Statham, Jet Li, and Dolph Lundgren, as well as Terry Crews, Mickey Rourke, Randy Couture, Eric Roberts, and Stone Cold Steve Austin, and cameos by fellow \'80s action icons Bruce Willis and Arnold Schwarzenegger.[83] The movie took US$34,825,135 in its opening weekend, going straight in at No. 1 in the US box office. The figure marked the biggest opening weekend in Stallone\'s career.[84] In summer 2010, Brazilian company O2 Filmes released a statement saying it was still owed more than US$2 million for its work on the film.[85] In 2011, Stallone provided the voice of a lion in Kevin James\' comedy Zookeeper.\nThe Expendables 2 was released August 17, 2012; the sequel received a positive critical reception of 67% on Rotten Tomatoes,[86] as opposed to the original\'s 41%.[87] As well as returning cast members from the first film, the ensemble cast also included Jean-Claude Van Damme and Chuck Norris. That year, Stallone co-wrote the book for the Broadway musical adaptation of Rocky.\nIn 2013, Stallone starred in the action film Bullet to the Head, directed by Walter Hill, based upon Alexis Nolent\'s French graphic novel Du Plomb Dans La Tete.[88] Also in 2013, he starred in the action thriller Escape Plan, along with Arnold Schwarzenegger and Jim Caviezel, and in the sports comedy drama Grudge Match alongside Robert De Niro, harkening back to the Rocky franchise. Stallone was reported to be developing an English-language remake of the Spanish film No Rest for the Wicked, though the project was shelved.[89][90] That year Stallone was credited as writer for the Jason Statham action film vehicle Homefront.\nThe Expendables 3, the third installment in the ensemble action film series, was released on August 15, 2014. The returning ensemble cast also added Wesley Snipes, Antonio Banderas, Mel Gibson and Harrison Ford. This film was negatively received by both critics and audiences and became the lowest-grossing film in the series.[91]\nStallone promoting The Expendables 3 at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival\nIn 2015, Stallone reprised his role as Rocky Balboa in a spin-off-sequel film, Creed, which focused on Adonis "Donnie" Creed, the son of his deceased friend/rival, Apollo Creed, becoming a professional boxer, played by Michael B. Jordan. The film, directed by Ryan Coogler, received critical acclaim. Portraying the iconic cinematic boxer for the seventh time in a span of 40 years, Stallone\'s portrayal of the character received widespread acclaim and accolades, including the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, and his third Academy Award nomination, this time for Best Supporting Actor.\nIn 2017, Stallone appeared in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 as Stakar Ogord / Starhawk, the leader of a Ravagers faction.[92] In 2018, he co-starred in Escape Plan 2: Hades with Dave Bautista which was released straight to home-video. Upon wrapping production, he announced via his social media page that work on Escape Plan 3: Devil\'s Station began immediately thereafter.[93] In July, Stallone announced that he had finished a script for a sequel to Creed, with a plot including the return of Ivan Drago from Rocky IV.[94] That year, Stallone was featured in Derek Wayne Johnson\'s John G. Avildsen: King of the Underdogs, a documentary about director John G. Avildsen.[95]\nCreed II went into production in March 2018, with a scheduled release on Thanksgiving 2018. Stallone was originally slated to direct before the appointment of Steven Caple Jr., in his feature film directorial debut.[96] Creed II was released in the United States by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer on November 21, 2018. The film received generally positive reviews from critics and it went on to debut to $35.3 million in its opening weekend (a five-day total of $55.8 million), marking the biggest debut ever for a live-action release over Thanksgiving.[97][98]\nOn July 23, 2019, in an interview with Variety, Stallone said that a Rocky sequel and prequel are in development. Producer Irwin Winkler said "We\'re very high on it" and that negotiations are underway for Stallone to write and star in the feature. "We\'re very anxious to make it." Stallone said the plot of the movie would be about Rocky befriending a young fighter who is an undocumented immigrant. "Rocky meets a young, angry person who got stuck in this country when he comes to see his sister. He takes him into his life, and unbelievable adventures begin, and they wind up south of the border. It\'s very, very timely." Stallone said. Stallone also said there are "ongoing discussions" about a Rocky prequel television series, which he hopes will land on a streaming service and the series will likely follow a young Rocky Balboa as a professional boxing hopeful. Stallone said producer Irwin Winkler is hesitant on making the series saying that "There was some conflict there, yes. He felt in his mind that "Rocky" was primarily a feature film, and he didn\'t see it as being translated for cable, so there was a big bone of contention."[99][100] That year, Stallone hand-picked Derek Wayne Johnson to direct and produce a documentary on the making of the original Rocky, entitled 40 Years of Rocky (2020). The documentary features Stallone narrating behind-the-scenes footage from the making of the film.[101]\nStallone formed a film studio named Balboa Productions with Braden Aftergood in March 2018, where Stallone will serve as co-producer for each of their projects. The studio signed a multi-year collaboration deal with Starlight Culture Entertainment to develop projects for film and television.[102] In May 2018, a fifth installment in the Rambo franchise was announced, and in August 2018, Adrian Grünberg was confirmed as the director.[103] Rambo: Last Blood began filming by September 2018, with a script co-written by Stallone, who also reprised his role as Vietnam War veteran John Rambo.[104] The plot centers around Rambo infiltrating a Mexican drug cartel to rescue a family friend\'s daughter.[105] The film, which was released on September 20, 2019 in the United States,[106] grossed $18.9 million in its opening weekend, the best debut of the franchise.[107][108] The film grossed $91 million worldwide against a production budget of $50 million.\nIn late 2020, Stallone lent his voice as Rambo to the fighting video game Mortal Kombat 11, as part of the game\'s 2nd Kombat Pack.[109]\nWorks in development\nFollowing the releases of Creed II and Rambo V: Last Blood, Balboa Productions has an extensive production slate. A film depicting the history of Jack "Galveston Giant" Johnson, the first African-American boxing heavyweight champion is in development. The project was announced after Stallone\'s instrumental involvement in helping get Johnson a posthumous pardon from US President Donald Trump.[110] Samaritan, a dark interpretation of the superhero genre, will star Stallone in the titular role, from a script written by Bragi Schut. Stallone will later star in the film adaptation of Hunter, a story which had originally been planned as the premise for Rambo V: Last Blood. The story centers around Nathaniel Hunter, a professional tracker who is hired to hunt a half-human beast created as an experiment of a secret agency. The studio has yet to hire a screenwriter. A feature-length adaptation of the biographical novel Ghost: My Thirty Years as an FBI Undercover Agent by Michael McGowan and Ralph Pezzullo about McGowan\'s career of over fifty undercover missions will follow, though there is no screenwriter attached to the project yet. Additionally, a film centered around black ops troops being written by retired Army Ranger, Max Adams, is also in development.\nThe television production slate includes Levon\'s Trade created by Chuck Dixon, and a series adaptation of Charles Sailor\'s Second Son being written by Rob Williams.[111]\nThere are plans for a fourth film in The Expendables series that will continue the saga.[112] Stallone also announced on early May 2020 on a sequel to 1993\'s Demolition Man is in the works, stating; "I think it\'s coming. We\'re working on it right now with Warner Brothers. It\'s looking fantastic. So, that should come out, that\'s going to happen".[113]\nStallone has continued to express his passion in directing a film on Edgar Allan Poe\'s life, a script he has been preparing for years. Stallone has also mentioned that he would like to adapt Nelson DeMille\'s novel The Lion\'s Game.\nMultiple tasks in media\nIn 1977, for the first Rocky, Stallone became the third man in history to receive the two nominations for best actor and best screenplay, after Charlie Chaplin and Orson Welles.[114] Like the aforementioned he directed, wrote, and took on the leading role in the film. Stallone is known for his recurring roles as Rocky Balboa, John Rambo, and Barney Ross. Stallone wrote and starred in all of six Rocky films, while taking on the task of directing in four of the sequels. Stallone starred and co-wrote the first three and fifth installments of the Rambo franchise, for the fourth one he also directed. Stallone wrote, directed and took the lead role in the first installment of The Expendables films. Stallone directed, starred and wrote in Paradise Alley. John Travolta starred in Staying Alive, a sequel of Saturday Night Fever, which Stallone wrote and directed. Stallone wrote and starred in Cobra, and Driven. Stallone co-wrote and starred in F.I.S.T., Rhinestone, Over the Top, Cliffhanger, and Creed II.\nAsked in February 2008 which of the icons (Rocky or Rambo) he would rather be remembered for, Stallone said "it\'s a tough one, but Rocky is my first baby, so Rocky."[115] He also stated that Rocky could be interpreted as the "conscious" and Rambo as the "unconscious" of the same character.[116]\nStallone has occasionally sung in his films. He sang "Too Close to Paradise" for Paradise Alley (1978), with the music provided by Bill Conti (who also collaborated with Stallone in prior years, having recorded the famous "Gonna Fly Now" theme for his Academy Award-nominated film, Rocky (1976) which was a U.S. No. 1 hit).[117] In Rocky IV (1985), Stallone (as Rocky Balboa) sang "Take Me Back" to his on-screen wife, Adrian (Talia Shire), as they lay in bed. The song was first performed by singer and younger brother, Frank, who had a small role in the original Rocky. For Rhinestone (1984), Stallone sang such songs as "Drinkenstein" as well as duets with his co-star, and actual country music star, Dolly Parton.[118] He also performed two songs when he guest-starred on The Muppet Show in the 1980s, at the height of his career.[119] The last time Stallone sang in a film was in Grudge Match (2013) when he and Robert De Niro performed "The Star Spangled Banner" together.[120]\nPersonal life\nStallone with then-wife Brigitte Nielsen, President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan at the White House, 1985\nStallone has been married three times. At age 28, on December 28, 1974, he married Sasha Czack. They had two sons, Sage Moonblood Stallone (1976–2012), who died of heart disease at age 36, and Seargeoh (born 1979), who was diagnosed with autism at an early age. The couple divorced on February 14, 1985. Stallone married model and actress Brigitte Nielsen on December 15, 1985, in Beverly Hills, California. Their marriage (which lasted two years) and their subsequent divorce were highly publicized by the tabloid press.[121][122][123] In May 1997, Stallone married Jennifer Flavin, with whom he has three daughters named Sophia, Sistine, and Scarlet.[124] His daughters were chosen to share the role of Golden Globe Ambassador at the 74th Golden Globe Awards.[125]\nStallone maintains a relationship with his brother Frank who contributed the theme songs to Rambo: First Blood Part II, and Staying Alive. In 1983, Frank\'s song "Far From Over", for Staying Alive, reached the #10 U.S. hit. Frank appears in minor roles, bit parts, and provides music in many films starring Sylvester, most notably in the Rocky films, where Frank played a street corner singer and contributed songs.\nStallone was engaged to model Janice Dickinson for less than a year in the early 1990s. Stallone had ended his relationship with Jennifer Flavin via FedEx after Dickinson gave birth to her daughter Savannah in February 1994.[126] It was reported that Stallone was the father, and Savannah was given his surname at birth.[127] They split up when Stallone discovered he was not the father of her daughter.[128] In 1995, Stallone was briefly engaged to model Angie Everhart before rekindling his relationship with Flavin.[128]\nAfter Stallone\'s request that his acting and life experiences be accepted in exchange for his remaining needed college credits to graduate, he was granted a Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) degree by the president of the University of Miami in 1999.[129]\nIn 2007, customs officials in Australia discovered 48 vials of the synthetic human growth hormone Jintropin in Stallone\'s luggage.[130] In a court hearing on May 15, 2007, Stallone pleaded guilty to two charges of possessing a controlled substance.[131]\nStallone\'s 48-year-old half-sister, Toni Ann Filiti, died of lung cancer on August 26, 2012. She died at their mother\'s Santa Monica home after choosing to leave UCLA\'s hospital.[132][133]\nStallone was the recipient of the Heart of Hollywood Award from the Board of Governors of the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in 2016.[134]\nHe was a close friend of Joe Spinell. They had a falling out during the shooting of their final collaboration Nighthawks (1982).[135]\nInjuries\nKnown for physically demanding roles and his willingness to do the majority of his own stunts, Stallone has suffered various injuries during his acting career. During the filming of Escape to Victory, he broke a finger trying to save a penalty kick from Pelé.[136] For a scene in Rocky IV, he told Dolph Lundgren, "Punch me as hard as you can in the chest." He later said, "Next thing I know, I was in intensive care at St. John\'s Hospital for four days. It\'s stupid!"[137][138] While filming a fight scene with Steve Austin for The Expendables, he broke his neck, which required the insertion of a metal plate.[139]\nSexual assault allegations\nIn February 2001, an exotic dancer named Margie Carr filed a lawsuit against Stallone accusing him of rape while at a Santa Monica fitness center where they both worked out on February 26, 2000. A lawyer for Stallone denied the claim saying she sold the story to Globe the month before the lawsuit.[140][141][142]\nIn 2016, a report from the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department was published stating that Stallone was accused of sexual assault by a 16-year-old girl while he was shooting a film in Las Vegas in 1986. The teen reportedly said that Stallone, then 40, forced her into a threesome with his bodyguard.[143] A spokeswoman for Stallone denied the allegation.[144] Stallone\'s ex-wife, Brigitte Nielsen, later came to his defense, saying that she was with him at the time of the alleged assault. Stallone\'s Over the Top costar David Mendenhall also defended Stallone, denying claims that he introduced Stallone to the girl in question.[145]\nIn November 2017, a woman accused Stallone of sexually assaulting her at his Santa Monica office in the early 1990s. Stallone denied the claim.[146] His attorney revealed the accuser filed a report after an entertainment website declined to pick up the story.[147] Stallone\'s attorneys also stated that while the actor had a consensual relationship with the accuser in 1987, they had two witnesses who refuted the claims.[148] In June 2018, the Los Angeles District Attorney\'s office confirmed an investigation, stating that the Santa Monica Police Department had presented a sex crimes case against Stallone to a special prosecution task force for review.[149] In October 2018, the Los Angeles District Attorney\'s office made the decision not to charge Stallone for the alleged assault, as no witnesses corroborated the allegations. Stallone in turn filed a police report regarding her lying on an official document.[150][151]\nReligious views\nStallone was raised a devout Catholic but stopped going to church as his acting career progressed. Later, he rediscovered his childhood faith, when his daughter was born ill in 1996, and he again became a strict Catholic.[152]\nIn late 2006, Stallone was interviewed by Pat Robertson from the CBN\'s The 700 Club. Stallone stated that before, in Hollywood, temptation abounded and he had "lost his way", but later put things "in God\'s hands".[153]\nIn 2010, he was interviewed by GQ magazine, to which he said that he considered himself a spiritual man, but was not part of any organized church institution.[17]\nIt has been reported that he performed certain Hinduism religious rituals in the holy city of Haridwar after his son\'s death.[154]\nPolitical views\nStallone has supported several Republican politicians, but he says he is not a member of the Republican Party.[155]\nIn 1994, he contributed $1,000 to the campaign of then-Congressman Rick Santorum, who was then running for the United States Senate in Pennsylvania.[156] He has also donated to the Democratic National Committee and to Democrats Joe Biden and Chris Dodd.\nIn 2008, Stallone endorsed John McCain for that year\'s presidential election. In the 2016 election, he described Donald Trump as a "Dickensian character" and "larger than life," but did not endorse him or any candidate in that year\'s Republican primary.[155]\nIn December 2016, he declined an offer to become Chair of the National Endowment for the Arts, citing a desire to work on issues related to veterans.[157]\nDespite his otherwise conservative views, Stallone is an advocate for gun control and has been described as "the most anti-gun person working in Hollywood today."[158]\nAwards and honors\nMain article: List of awards and nominations received by Sylvester Stallone\nStallone\'s star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame\nStar on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (1984)\nInternational Boxing Hall of Fame (Class of 2010)\nGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture (2015)\nSelected filmography\nMain article: Sylvester Stallone filmography\n1970: The Party at Kitty and Stud\'s\n1973: No Place to Hide\n1974: The Lords of Flatbush\n1975: Capone\n1975: Death Race 2000\n1975: Farewell, My Lovely\n1976: Rocky\n1978: F.I.S.T.\n1978: Paradise Alley\n1979: Rocky II\n1981: Nighthawks\n1981: Escape to Victory\n1982: Rocky III\n1982: First Blood\n1983: Staying Alive\n1984: Rhinestone\n1985: Rambo: First Blood Part II\n1985: Rocky IV\n1986: Cobra\n1987: Over the Top\n1988: Rambo III\n1989: Lock Up\n1989: Tango & Cash\n1990: Rocky V\n1991: Oscar\n1992: Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot\n1993: Cliffhanger\n1993: Demolition Man\n1994: The Specialist\n1995: Judge Dredd\n1995: Assassins\n1996: Daylight\n1997: Cop Land\n1998: Antz\n1999: D-Tox\n2000: Get Carter\n2001: Driven\n2002: Avenging Angelo\n2003: Spy Kids 3: Game Over\n2003: Shade\n2006: Rocky Balboa\n2008: Rambo\n2010: The Expendables\n2011: Zookeeper\n2012: The Expendables 2\n2012: Bullet to the Head\n2013: Escape Plan\n2013: Grudge Match\n2014: The Expendables 3\n2014: Reach Me\n2015: Creed\n2016: Ratchet & Clank\n2017: Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\n2017: Animal Crackers\n2018: Escape Plan 2: Hades\n2018: Creed II\n2018: Backtrace\n2019: Escape Plan: The Extractors\n2019: Rambo: Last Blood\n2021: The Suicide Squad\nReferences\n^ "ARTIST".\n^ https://sylvesterstallone.com/bio/\n^ "10 Things You Probably Didn\'t Know About Sylvester Stallone". IFC. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2017.\n^ Paul G Roberts (January 29, 2015). Style Icons Vol 2 – Hunks. Fashion Industry Broadcast. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-62776-854-2.\n^ Gilbey, Ryan (February 24, 2016). "Sylvester Stallone: the wacky people\'s champ who battled his own ego". The Guardian. UK.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone: Director, Producer, Screenwriter, Actor, Film Actor (1946–)". Biography.com (FYI / A&E Networks). Retrieved November 16, 2017.\n^ "Video of Stallone visiting Italy". Youtube. Retrieved September 4, 2010.\n^ "Polo Player and former Marylander Frank Stallone Dies". equiery.com. July 13, 2011.\n^ Bloom, Nate. "Interfaith Celebrities: Stallone\'s Jewish Grandfather". www.interfaithfamily.com. interfaith family. Retrieved March 12, 2016.\n^ Lightening, L.M. (August 18, 2014). "Sylvester Stallone\'s Jewish Mom Forced Him To Become A Hairdresser". www.jewishbusinessnews.com. Jewish Business News. Retrieved March 12, 2016.\n^ "Cinéma. Stallone est de Brest « même » !" (in French), Le Télégramme de Brest, October 6, 2009\n^ "Sylvester Stallone\'s mother visited Odessa". Official Site of Odessa. Retrieved July 5, 2015.\n^ "Mother of movie star Sylvester Stallone seeks grannie in Ukraine". ArtUkraine.com. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2015.\n^ The Biography Channel (2007). "Sylvester Stallone Biography". Archived from the original on December 13, 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2009.\n^\na b c d e f Stated on Inside the Actors Studio, 1999\n^ "Sylvester Stallone can still pack a punch at 68". mid-day. August 21, 2014.\n^\na b Hainey, Michael (September 2010). "Yo". GQ. Retrieved December 30, 2010. Are you a religious man? I\'m pretty spiritual; I believe a lot in the spirit of man. I\'m certainly not an atheist.... I was baptized Catholic, but I don\'t belong to a structured church. I have no opposition to it. I think there\'s great nuggets of knowledge in there, some wonderful rules to live by. Then the flip side is the amount of agony that\'s caused, which is, excuse me?\n^ Stallone, Sylvester. Sly Moves: My Proven Program to Lose Weight, Build Strength, Gian Will Power and Live Your Dream, Rogue Marble Productions, 2005, p. 12.\n^ Birnbaum, Aspen. "Stallone, Sylvester (Sly)". Pabook libraries. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2011.\n^ "Charlotte Hall Military Academy Alumni". Archived from the original on November 18, 2011.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone: Bio".\n^ "MOVIE IN MIAMI: Michael Stallone, 21-year-old Mount Airy actor, is getting his first film break in location in Florida with MGM\'s "That Nice Boy."". Retrieved December 25, 2020.\n^ "stallone note from theater programme". Retrieved December 25, 2020.\n^ "Vidicam Film System introduces high speed on 35mm (page 18)" (PDF). Retrieved December 25, 2020.\n^ "Total Film". United Kingdom. August 2010. p. 111. Stallone: "I was broke and basically sleeping in the Port Authority bus station for three weeks straight. I read in a trade paper about this film [The Party at Kitty and Studs, 1970] that was paying US$100 a day—for a US$100 a day I would wreak havoc. Instead of doing something desperate, I worked for two days for US$200 and got myself out of the bus station."\n^ Sylvester Stallone interview Archived June 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Playboy, September 1978.\n^ Gallagher, Steve (Summer 1997), "The Libertine", Filmmaker Magazine, retrieved May 24, 2015\n^ Kelly, Lauren (October 11, 2016). "Sylvester Stallone\'s taken more punches in life than he has on the big screen". She Knows.\n^ Boone, Brian (October 13, 2016). "The truth about Sylvester Stallone". Looper.com.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone was rejected as extra in \'The Godfather\'". The Indiana Express. February 27, 2016.\n^ "Stallone: I Was Turned Down for an Extra Role in \'The Godfather\'". February 25, 2016.\n^ "REVIEW: "THE LORDS OF FLATBUSH" STARRING SYLVESTER STALLONE, PERRY KING, and HENRY WINKLER From Sony Pictures Choice Collection – Cinema Retro". cinemaretro.com.\n^ Hauser, Thomas (December 10, 2014). Thomas Hauser on Boxing: Another Year Inside the Sweet Science. Fayetteville, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 9781557286673 – via Google Books.\n^ The Rocky Story by Sly Stallone on YouTube\n^ As told to Tony Robbins on YouTube\n^ "\'Real Rocky\' Wepner finally getting due". ESPN. October 25, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2012.\n^\na b Feuerzeig, Jeff (Director) (October 25, 2011). The Real Rocky (Motion picture). ESPN Films.\n^ Nelson, Murray R. (May 23, 2013). American Sports: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas [4 Volumes]: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas. p. 1095.\n^ Berg, Michael. Muscle & Fitness, Sept. 2004.\n^ "Staying Alive (1983)". Rotten Tomatoes. San Francisco, California: Fandango Media. Retrieved October 24, 2019.\n^ Murphy, Arthur D. (October 31, 1989). "Leading North American Film Boxoffice Weekends in History". Daily Variety. p. 53.\n^ Staying Alive at Box Office Mojo\n^ "Staying Alive (1983) - JPBox-Office". jpbox-office.com.\n^ "Staying Alive". The Numbers.\n^ Pearson, Ben (October 19, 2017). "Schwarzenegger Orchestrated a Legendary Hollywood Troll". /Film. Retrieved July 27, 2020.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone: in his own words". Empire. January 14, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2018.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone – Four". Archived from the original on September 5, 2012.\n^ "NONEXCLUSIVE CONTRACT : STALLONE, UA INK MULTIPICTURE DEAL". Los Angeles Times. May 23, 1986. Retrieved October 19, 2020.\n^ https://www.flavorwire.com/402226/so-bad-its-good-sylvester-stallone-arm-wrestling-and-80s-nostalgia-in-over-the-top\n^ "Tango & Cash (1989) - JPBox-Office". jpbox-office.com.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone". boxrec.com.\n^ "\'Home\' KOs \'Rocky V\' at Box Office : Movies: The comedy grabs US$17 million in receipts to take the No. 1 spot over Stallone\'s much-hyped sequel". Los Angeles Times. November 20, 1990.\n^ "AFI|Catalog". catalog.afi.com. Retrieved October 11, 2020.\n^ "AFI|Catalog". catalog.afi.com. Retrieved October 11, 2020.\n^ Pearson, Ben (October 9, 2017). "Arnold Schwarzenegger Confirmed One of Hollywood\'s All-Time Great Troll Moves in a Fantastic Q&A [Beyond Fest]". /Film. Retrieved October 10, 2017.\n^ "AFI|Catalog". catalog.afi.com. Retrieved October 10, 2020.\n^ "Cliffhanger". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 10, 2020.\n^ "AFI|Catalog". catalog.afi.com. Retrieved October 10, 2020.\n^ "Demolition Man (1993)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved July 31, 2020.\n^ Fox, David J. (October 12, 1993). "Weekend Box Office Stallone, Snipes: Action at Box Office". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 1, 2020.\n^ Fox, David J. (October 19, 1993). "Weekend Box Office : \'Demolition Man\' Fends Off \'Hillbillies\'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 1, 2020.\n^ Horn, John (October 15, 1993). "Demolition man\' explodes into charts at no. 1". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 4, 2020.\n^ "Demolition Man – Box Office Data, Movie News, Cast Information". The Numbers. Retrieved June 1, 2020.\n^ "AFI|Catalog". catalog.afi.com. Retrieved October 10, 2020.\n^ "The Specialist". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 6, 2017.\n^ Fox, David J. (October 11, 1994). "Weekend Box Office Stallone and Stone Draw In the Fans". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 25, 2010.\n^ "The Specialist". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 10, 2020.\n^ Fierman, Daniel (Spring 2000). "Big Deals". Entertainment Weekly. No. 540. p. 111.\n^ Your Studio and you (From Google Video) Archived October 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine\n^ https://film.avclub.com/this-sylvester-stallone-flop-still-makes-for-an-explosi-1844191264\n^ "Shade". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 4, 2010.\n^ Patel, Joseph (June 6, 2003). "Sylvester Stallone Making Movie About Biggie, Tupac Murders". MTV News. Retrieved June 9, 2020.\n^ "Stallone\'s Tupac/Biggie Movie a No Go: Actor was to play LAPD detective who found dirty cops at root of murders". EURWeb.com. December 7, 2006. Retrieved January 9, 2010.[dead link]\n^ "Sylvester Stallone Rocky- Celebrity Scene Monthly By Don Aly Vol 36". Donaly.com. August 19, 2010. Retrieved September 4, 2010.\n^ "Rocky Balboa". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 4, 2010.\n^ "Rocky Balboa". rottentomatoes.com. December 22, 2006.\n^ Morris, Clint (June 8, 2008). "Stallone in Death Wish remake? Updated!". Moviehole. Archived from the original on July 3, 2007. Retrieved December 20, 2006. Upon listening to the talkback responses on AICN, many who turned their nose at the idea of a remake, Stallone tells the site today that he will NOT be doing the movie. Yep, he listened to the fans!\n^ Staff and agencies (November 5, 2007). "Stallone tapped for Death Wish remake". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved November 5, 2007.\n^ Rosenberg, Adam (October 2, 2009). "Sylvester Stallone Speaks on a \'Death Wish\' Remake and Edgar Allen Poe". MTV News. MTV. Retrieved February 21, 2018.\n^ Dietrich, Heidi (January 15, 2006). "Sylvester Stallone taps Mount Rainier for water sales". Puget Sound Business Journal. Retrieved December 6, 2015.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone And Denise Richards Nominated For Razzies Equivalent, The Golden Kela Awards". MTV. February 22, 2010. Archived from the original on February 24, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2020.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone, hall of famer". Newsday. December 7, 2010. Archived from the original on December 11, 2010. Retrieved December 7, 2010.\n^ "Action Movie Sequel Time: The Expendables 2, And More Inglorious Basterds Prequel Talk". Slashfilm.com. July 9, 2009. Archived from the original on July 12, 2009. Retrieved September 4, 2010.\n^ "Weekend Report: \'Expendables\' Pump Up, \'Eat Pray Love\' Pigs Out, \'Scott Pilgrim\' Powers Down". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 4, 2010.\n^ Phillips, Tom (August 2, 2010). "Sylvester Stallone pursued by Brazilian company for unexpendable debts". The Guardian. Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved August 13, 2010.\n^ "Expendables 2". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved August 20, 2012.\n^ "The Expendables". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved August 20, 2012.\n^ "Bullet to the Head wraps filming". SylvesterStallone.com. August 29, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2012.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone talks Rambo 5, No Rest For the Wicked Remake". March 9, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2012.\n^ Ramin Setoodeh (January 5, 2016). "Sylvester Stallone Retiring \'Rambo\'". Variety. Retrieved December 8, 2016.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone Finally Admits The Expendables Made This Huge Mistake". November 24, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2018.\n^ "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Reveals Who Star-Lord\'s Dad Is, and It\'s Stupendous (Updated!)". io9. July 23, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2016.\n^ "Jaime King Joins Sylvester Stallone in \'Escape Plan 3\' (Exclusive)".\n^ Max Evry (July 21, 2017). "Drago Confirmed for Creed II as Stallone Finishes Script". ComingSoon. Retrieved July 21, 2017.\n^ Kreps, Daniel. "John G. Avildsen, ‘Rocky,’ ‘The Karate Kid’ Director, Dead at 81", Rolling Stone, San Francisco, CA, June 17, 2017. Retrieved on August 21, 2018.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone drops major announcment [sic] about \'Creed II\'". December 27, 2017.\n^ Campbell, Christopher (November 18, 2018). "Creed II First Reviews: A Solid, if Predictable, Sequel". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 16, 2018.\n^ "Michael B. Jordan\'s \'Creed 2\' KO\'s Box Office With Record-Breaking $55M Debut". Retrieved November 25, 2018.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone Feels Robbed of an Ownership Stake in \'Rocky\': \'I Was Furious\'". Variety. July 23, 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2019.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone Reveals \'Rocky\' Sequel and Prequel Are in Development". popculture.com. Retrieved July 23, 2019.\n^ Drown, Michelle. "John G. Avildsen: King of the Underdogs Director Derek Wayne Johnson", The Santa Barbara Independent, Santa Barbara, CA, January 26, 2017. Retrieved on February 16, 2017.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone Launches Balboa Productions". The Hollywood Reporter.\n^ Stephens, David (August 18, 2018). "Rambo 5 Reportedly Recruits Get the Gringo Director". Screen Rant. Retrieved October 2, 2018.\n^ Wiseman, Andrew (May 5, 2018). "Sylvester Stallone In Line To Take on Mexican Cartel in Rambo 5". Deadline. Retrieved May 7, 2018.\n^ Kay, Jeremy (May 5, 2018). "Sylvester Stallone lining up \'Rambo V\' (exclusive)". Screen Daily. Retrieved May 8, 2018.\n^ Gilyadov, Alex (May 8, 2018). "Rambo 5 Confirmed by Stallone, Coming Fall 2019". IGN. Retrieved May 8, 2018.\n^ "Rambo: Last Blood Projected For Franchise Best Opening". Archived from the original on August 31, 2019. Retrieved August 31, 2019.\n^ D\'Alessandro, Anthony (August 29, 2019). "Rambo: Last Blood\' Eyes Franchise Best $24M+ Opening, Will Toss \'Ad Astra\' Out Of Orbit & Crash \'Downton Abbey\'s Party". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 29, 2019.\n^ https://www.thewrap.com/rambo-mortal-kombat-11-ultimate-sylvester-stallone/\n^ McNary, Dave (May 30, 2018). "Sylvester Stallone to Make Movie About Trump-Pardoned Boxer Jack Johnson".\n^ N\'Duka, Amanda (October 17, 2018). "Sylvester Stallone To Star In \'Samaritan\' & \'Hunter\', Acquires FBI Memoir As His Balboa Productions Ramps Up Slate".\n^ "The Expendables 4 Coming in 2018". December 21, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2017.\n^ "Demolition Man 2 in the Works at Warner, Says Sylvester Stallone". Den of Geek. May 5, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2020.\n^ "The 49th Academy Awards Memorable Moments". Oscars.org – Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. August 26, 2014.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone: Rambo Returns, video interview with STV". Archived from the original on May 18, 2008.\n^ Le Cercle, 2008-02-09, cinema talk-show on French television channel Canal+, during a review of Rambo, cited by Marie Sauvion: "Et quand il [Stallone] se mêle de psychologie, voire de psychanalyse, alors il a un discours, il dit, Rocky c\'est la conscience, en gros, d\'un même personnage, et Rambo ce serait son inconscient." / "And when he speaks in terms of psychology, or even psychoanalysis, he\'s got a discourse, he says, Rocky is the conscious, in broad strokes, of the same character, and Rambo would be his unconscious."\n^ CalvinJohns (April 5, 2010). "Too Close To Paradise". Retrieved March 18, 2017 – via YouTube.\n^ "20 Insanely Great Dolly Parton Songs Only Hardcore Fans Know". Retrieved March 18, 2017.\n^ "The Muppet Show\'s 10 Weirdest Moments – The Robot\'s Voice". September 4, 2009. Retrieved March 18, 2017.\n^ Lipp, Chaz (April 9, 2014). "Blu-ray Review: Grudge Match". Retrieved March 18, 2017.\n^ Susan Zannos, Male Fitness Stars of TV and the Movies: Featuring Profiles of Sylvester Stallone, John Travolta, Bruce Willis, and Wesley Snipes, Mitchell Lane Publishers, 2000, page 27\n^ Stallone divorce stops Tabloid presses, Sarasota Herald Tribune – July 23, 1987\n^ "Stallone Seeks a Serious Turn for the Better", The New York Times, August 10, 1997\n^ Michelle Miller (January 5, 2017). "Sylvester Stallone\'s Daughters: What to Know About Miss Golden Globes Sophia, Sistine & Scarlet". Retrieved April 23, 2017.\n^ "Who is this year\'s Miss Golden Globe? All three of Sylvester Stallone\'s daughters". Los Angeles Times. January 8, 2017.\n^ Schneider, Karen S. (March 2, 1994). "Rocky Ending". People.\n^ Gastaldo, Evann (October 13, 2013). "10 Celebrity Love Child Scandals".\n^\na b Levitt, Shelley (April 24, 1995). "Yo, Angie, Marry Me!". People.\n^ "University of Miami Alumni Page". Archived from the original on April 16, 2009.\n^ Childs, Dan. "Will Stallone\'s HGH Secret Start a Trend?". ABC News.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone Pleads Guilty to Bringing Human Growth Hormone Into Australia". Fox News. May 15, 2007. Retrieved April 3, 2019.\n^ "Stricken sis new Sly tragedy". New York Post. August 9, 2012. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2013.\n^ Dillon, Nancy (August 27, 2012). "Sylvester Stallone\'s half-sister Toni Ann Filiti dies of cancer at 48". Daily News. Retrieved June 19, 2013.\n^ "Cedars-Sinai Board Of Governors Gala To Honor Adele & Beny Alagem and Sylvester Stallone". The Beverly Hills Courier. October 10, 2016.\n^ headgeek. "Stallone answers December 9th & 10th Questions in a double round – plus Harry\'s Seen ROCKY BALBOA..." Aint It Cool News. Retrieved September 30, 2018.\n^ "Premier League predictions: Lawro v Robert De Niro & Sly Stallone". BBC Sport. January 12, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2014.\n^ The Expendables DVD: Comic-Con 2010 Panel\n^ "Stallone: Lundgren Put Me in Hospital During \'Rocky IV\'". Muscle & Fitness. August 11, 2014. Retrieved October 11, 2020.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone injures neck in fight scenes". BBC News. January 6, 2010. Retrieved September 4, 2010.\n^ "Stallone sued for \'sexual assault\'". March 8, 2001. Retrieved October 11, 2020.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone has a history of denying women\'s claims of sexual abuse". The Mercury News. November 17, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2020.\n^ "Stripper Sues Stallone for Assault". ABC News. Retrieved October 11, 2020.\n^ Poppa, Doug (November 10, 2017). "Ask Sylvester Stallone if a 40-year-old man should have group sex with and masturbate in front of a minor". Baltimore Post-Examiner.\n^ Mandell, Andrea (November 17, 2017). "Rep: Sexual assault claim against Sylvester Stallone \'categorically false\'". USA Today.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone\'s Ex-Wife Brigitte Nielsen Says Sexual Assault is a Lie". TMZ. November 20, 2017.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone denies rape as police investigate". BBC News. December 22, 2017.\n^ "Sexual assault allegation against actor Sylvester Stallone". Los Angeles Times. June 13, 2018.\n^ "The Los Angeles DA is investigating sexual assault allegations against Sylvester Stallone". Los Angeles Times. June 14, 2018.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone sex-crime allegation under review by Los Angeles prosecutors". USA Today. June 14, 2018.\n^ "Accusato di violenza sessuale, Sylvester Stallone non sarà processato". Chedonna (in Italian). October 31, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2018.\n^ "Sylvester Stallone – D.A. Rejects 1990 Rape Case". TMZ. Retrieved October 31, 2018.\n^ "\'Rocky\' Stallone back in church as new movie in theaters". Catholic Online. Catholic.org. Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved September 4, 2010.\n^ Sylvester Stallone On Faith, Integrity, And Rocky. CBNTV.\n^ https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sylvester-stallone-used-to-see-his-dead-son-has-shraadh-performed-in-haridwar/. Missing or empty |title= (help)\n^\na b Setoodeh, Ramin (January 8, 2016). "Sylvester Stallone on Donald Trump, Republicans and Running for Office". Variety. Los Angeles. Retrieved May 9, 2017.\n^ "Like Rocky Balboa, Rick Santorum is a working class hero". The Telegraph. March 16, 2016.\n^ Desta, Yohana (December 19, 2016). "Sylvester Stallone Isn\'t Interested in Trump\'s Offer After All". Vanity Fair. Retrieved May 9, 2017.\n^ Suebsaeng, Asawin (August 14, 2014). "Rambo Hates Guns: How Sylvester Stallone Became the Most Anti-Gun Celeb in Hollywood". The Daily Beast. Retrieved July 7, 2016.\nExternal links\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Sylvester Stallone.\nWikiquote has quotations related to: Sylvester Stallone\nOfficial website\nSylvester Stallone at IMDb\n"Sylvester Stallone collected news and commentary". The New York Times.\nhide\nvte\nWorks by Sylvester Stallone\nFilmography Awards and nominations Balboa Productions\nWritten and directed\nParadise Alley (1978) Rocky II (1979) Rocky III (1982) Staying Alive (1983, also produced) Rocky IV (1985) Rocky Balboa (2006) Rambo (2008) The Expendables (2010)\nWritten\nThe Evil Touch (1973) The Lords of Flatbush (1974) Rocky (1976) F.I.S.T. (1978) First Blood (1982) Rhinestone (1984) Rambo: First Blood Part II (1985) Cobra (1986) Over the Top (1987) Rambo III (1988) Rocky V (1990) Cliffhanger (1993) Driven (2001, also produced) The Expendables 2 (2012) Homefront (2013, also produced) The Expendables 3 (2014) Creed II (2018, also produced) Rambo: Last Blood (2019)\nProduced\nHeart of a Champion: The Ray Mancini Story (1985) The Contender (2006–09) Creed (2015) Strong (2016) Ultimate Beastmaster (2017) Samaritan (2021)\nshow\nvte\nRocky\nshow\nvte\nDavid Morrell\'s Rambo\nshow\nvte\nThe Expendables\nshow\nAwards for Sylvester Stallone\n\n\n\n\n\nAuthority control\nBIBSYS: 90940341 BNE: XX1649012 BNF: cb126403949 (data) CANTIC: a10889693 CiNii: DA08238006 GND: 118812076 ISNI: 0000 0001 1699 7544 LCCN: n77002638 MBA: 97c791de-e3b4-4421-b12c-4f80addc7937 NARA: 10582242 NDL: 00457435 NKC: jn20000701697 NLA: 41317095, 35715722 NLI: 002341654 NLK: KAC200507199 NSK: 000228017 NTA: 070090106 PLWABN: 9810537916905606 SNAC: w6640ctc SUDOC: 073938130 Trove: 1054945, 1454125 VIAF: 113742283 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n77002638', 'num_links': 2228, 'num_images': 19, 'last_edited': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 30, 2, 54)}, {'title': 'Madonna', 'description': 'For other uses, see Madonna (disambiguation).\nMadonna\nMadonna performing on her Rebel Heart Tour in 2015\nBorn Madonna Louise Ciccone\nAugust 16, 1958 (age 62)\nBay City, Michigan, U.S.\nOther names Veronica (Catholic confirmation name)[1]\nOccupation\nSingersongwriteractressdancerproducerdirectorauthorbusinesswoman\nYears active 1979–present\nNet worth US$570–800 million[2][3]\nSpouse(s)\nSean Penn\n(m. 1985; div. 1989)\nGuy Ritchie\n(m. 2000; div. 2008)\nPartner(s) Carlos Leon (1995–1997)\nChildren 6\nAwards Full list\nMusical career\nOrigin New York City, U.S.\nGenres\nPopelectronicadance\nInstruments\nVocalsguitar\nLabels\nSireWarner Bros.MaverickInterscope\nAssociated acts\nBreakfast ClubEmmy\nWebsite madonna.com\nMadonna Louise Ciccone (/tʃɪˈkoʊni/; Italian: [tʃikˈkoːne]; born August 16, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Referred to as the "Queen of Pop", she is regarded as one of the most significant figures in popular culture. Madonna is noted for her continual reinvention and versatility in music production, songwriting, and visual presentation. She is also known for pushing the boundaries of artistic expression in mainstream music while remaining completely in charge of every aspect of her career. Her works, which incorporate social, political, sexual, and religious themes, have generated both critical acclaim and controversy. Madonna is often cited as an influence by other artists.\nBorn and raised in Michigan, Madonna moved to New York City in 1978 to pursue a career in modern dance. After performing as a drummer, guitarist, and vocalist in the rock bands Breakfast Club and Emmy, she rose to solo stardom with her debut studio album, Madonna (1983). She followed it with a series of successful albums, including all-time bestsellers Like a Virgin (1984) and True Blue (1986) as well as Grammy Award winners Ray of Light (1998) and Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005). Madonna has amassed many number-one singles throughout her career, including "Like a Virgin", "La Isla Bonita", "Like a Prayer", "Vogue", "Take a Bow", "Frozen", "Music", "Hung Up", and "4 Minutes".\nMadonna\'s popularity was enhanced by roles in films such as Desperately Seeking Susan (1985), Dick Tracy (1990), A League of Their Own (1992), and Evita (1996). While Evita won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress, many of her other films received poor reviews. As a businesswoman, Madonna founded the company Maverick in 1992; it included Maverick Records, one of the most successful artist-run labels in history. Her other ventures include fashion brands, children\'s books, health clubs, and filmmaking. She contributes to various charities, having founded the Ray of Light Foundation in 1998 and Raising Malawi in 2006.\nWith sales of over 300 million records worldwide, Madonna is certified as the best-selling female recording artist of all time by Guinness World Records. She is the most successful solo artist in the history of the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart and holds the record for the most number-one singles by a female artist in Australia, Canada, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. With a revenue of U.S. $1.5 billion from her concert tickets, she remains the highest-grossing solo touring artist of all time. Madonna was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2008, her first year of eligibility. She was ranked as the greatest woman in music by VH1 in 2012, and as the greatest music video artist of all time by Billboard in 2020. Rolling Stone also listed Madonna among the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time and the 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time.\nContents\n1 Life and career\n1.1 1958–1978: Early life\n1.2 1979–1985: Career beginnings, Madonna, Like a Virgin, and first marriage\n1.3 1986–1991: True Blue, Who\'s That Girl, Like a Prayer, and Dick Tracy\n1.4 1992–1997: Maverick, Erotica, Sex, Bedtime Stories, Evita, and motherhood\n1.5 1998–2002: Ray of Light, Music, second marriage, and touring comeback\n1.6 2003–2006: American Life and Confessions on a Dance Floor\n1.7 2007–2011: Filmmaking, Hard Candy, and business ventures\n1.8 2012–2017: Super Bowl XLVI halftime show, MDNA, and Rebel Heart\n1.9 2018–present: Madame X and autobiographical film\n2 Artistry\n2.1 Influences\n2.2 Musical style and composition\n2.3 Voice and instruments\n2.4 Music videos and performances\n3 Legacy\n4 Awards and achievements\n5 Discography\n6 Filmography\n7 Tours\n8 Enterprises\n9 See also\n10 References\n10.1 Book sources\n11 External links\nLife and career\n1958–1978: Early life\nMadonna Louise Ciccone[4] was born on August 16, 1958, in Bay City, Michigan, to Catholic parents Madonna Louise (née Fortin) and Silvio Anthony "Tony" Ciccone.[5][6] Her father\'s parents were Italian emigrants from Pacentro while her mother was of French-Canadian descent.[7] Tony Ciccone worked as an engineer designer for Chrysler and General Motors. Since Madonna had the same name as her mother, family members called her "Little Nonnie".[8] She later adopted Veronica as a confirmation name when she was confirmed in the Catholic Church in 1966.[9] Madonna was raised in the Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township (now Rochester Hills), alongide her two older brothers, Anthony and Martin, and three younger siblings, Paula, Christopher, and Melanie.[10]\nMadonna\'s stepmother and father, Joan and Tony Ciccone, pictured in 2009\nMonths before her mother died of breast cancer on December 1, 1963, Madonna noticed changes in her behavior and personality, although she did not understand the reason.[5] Her mother was at a loss to explain her medical condition and often began to cry when Madonna questioned her about it. Madonna later acknowledged that she had not grasped the concept of her mother dying.[11] Madonna turned to her paternal grandmother for solace. The Ciccone siblings resented housekeepers and rebelled against anyone brought into their home who they thought would try to take the place of their beloved mother. Terrified that her father Tony could be taken from her as well, Madonna was often unable to sleep unless she was near him.[5] In 1966, Tony married the family\'s housekeeper Joan Gustafson. They had two children, Jennifer and Mario.[10] Madonna resented her father for getting remarried and began rebelling against him, which strained their relationship for many years afterward.[5]\nMadonna attended St. Frederick\'s and St. Andrew\'s Catholic Elementary Schools, and West Middle School. Madonna was known for her high grade point average and achieved notoriety for her unconventional behavior. She would perform cartwheels and handstands in the hallways between classes, dangle by her knees from the monkey bars during recess, and pull up her skirt during class—all so that the boys could see her underwear.[12] Madonna later told Vanity Fair that she saw herself in her youth as a "lonely girl who was searching for something. I wasn\'t rebellious in a certain way. I cared about being good at something. I didn\'t shave my underarms and I didn\'t wear make-up like normal girls do. But I studied and I got good grades... I wanted to be somebody."[5]\nMadonna\'s father put her in classical piano lessons, but she later convinced him to allow her to take ballet lessons.[13] Christopher Flynn, her ballet teacher persuaded her to pursue a career in dance.[14] She later attended Rochester Adams High School, where she became a straight-A student and a member of the cheerleading squad.[15][16] After graduating, she received a dance scholarship to the University of Michigan and studied over the summer at the American Dance Festival in Durham, North Carolina.[17][18]\nIn 1978, Madonna dropped out of college and relocated to New York City.[19] She said of her move to New York, "It was the first time I\'d ever taken a plane, the first time I\'d ever gotten a taxi cab. I came here with $35 in my pocket. It was the bravest thing I\'d ever done."[20] She soon found an apartment in the Alphabet City neighborhood of the East Village.[21] She had little money while working at Dunkin\' Donuts and with modern dance troupes, taking classes at the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater and eventually performing with Pearl Lang Dance Theater.[22][18][23] She also studied dance under the tutelage of Martha Graham, the noted American dancer and choreographer.[24] Madonna started to work as a backup dancer for other established artists. One night, while returning from a rehearsal, a pair of men held her at knifepoint and forced her to perform fellatio. She later found the incident to be "a taste of my weakness, it showed me that I still could not save myself in spite of all the strong-girl show. I could never forget it."[25]\n1979–1985: Career beginnings, Madonna, Like a Virgin, and first marriage\nIn 1979, Madonna became romantically involved with musician Dan Gilroy.[26] Shortly after meeting him, she successfully auditioned to perform in Paris with French disco artist Patrick Hernandez as his backup singer and dancer.[22] During her three months with Hernandez\'s troupe, she also traveled to Tunisia before returning to New York in August 1979.[26] Madonna moved into an abandoned synagogue where Gilroy lived and rehearsed in Corona, Queens.[22][12] Together they formed her first band, the Breakfast Club, for which Madonna sang and played drums and guitar.[27] While with the band, Madonna briefly worked as a coat-check girl at the Russian Tea Room, and she made her acting debut in the low-budget indie film A Certain Sacrifice, which wasn\'t released until 1985.[28][29]\nIn 1980, Madonna left the Breakfast Club and with drummer Stephen Bray, who was her former boyfriend from Michigan, they formed the band Emmy and the Emmys.[30] They rekindled their romance and moved into The Music Building in Manhattan.[22] The two began writing songs together and they recorded a four-song demo tape in November 1980.[31] Madonna later decided to promote herself as a solo act and hired Camille Barbone as her manager in 1981.[32][22] Her music impressed DJ and record producer Mark Kamins, who arranged a meeting between Madonna and Sire Records founder Seymour Stein.[33] After she signed a singles deal with Sire, her debut single, "Everybody", was released in October 1982. Madonna made her first television appearance performing on Dancin\' On Air.[34] She also performed at clubs such as Danceteria in New York and Camden Palace in London.[35][36] Her second single, "Burning Up", was released in March 1983. Both singles reached number three on Billboard magazine\'s Hot Dance Club Songs chart.[37] During this time, Madonna was in a relationship with artist Jean-Michel Basquiat and living at his loft in SoHo.[38][39]\nWarner Bros. Records hired Reggie Lucas to produce Madonna\'s self-titled debut album, Madonna.[40] However, she was not happy with the completed tracks and disagreed with Lucas\' production techniques, so she decided to seek additional help.[41] Madonna asked her then-boyfriend John "Jellybean" Benitez, the resident DJ at Fun House, to help finish the album\'s production.[42][41] Benitez remixed most of the tracks and produced "Holiday", which was her third single and her first international top-ten song. The album was released in July 1983, and peaked at number eight on the Billboard 200 six months later in 1984. It yielded two top-ten singles on the Billboard Hot 100, "Borderline" and "Lucky Star".[43][44] She gained more exposure by performing on American Bandstand and Top of the Pops in January 1984.[45][46]\nMadonna\'s look and style of dressing, her performances, and her music videos influenced young girls and women.[47] Her style became one of the female fashion trends of the 1980s.[48] Created by stylist and jewelry designer Maripol, the look consisted of lace tops, skirts over capri pants, fishnet stockings, jewelry bearing the crucifix, bracelets, and bleached hair.[49][50][51] Madonna\'s popularity continued to rise globally with the release of her second studio album, Like a Virgin, in November 1984. It became her first number-one album in Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, the UK, and the US.[43][52] Like a Virgin became the first album by a female to sell over five million copies in the U.S.[53] It was later certified certified diamond in by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has sold over 21 million copies worldwide.[54]\nMadonna, surrounded by her crew, during The Virgin Tour of 1985\nThe album\'s title track served as its first single, and topped the Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks.[55] It attracted the attention of conservative organizations who complained that the song and its accompanying video promoted premarital sex and undermined family values,[56] and moralists sought to have the song and video banned.[57] Madonna received huge media coverage for her performance of "Like a Virgin" at the first 1984 MTV Video Music Awards. Wearing a wedding dress and white gloves, Madonna appeared on stage atop a giant wedding cake and then rolled around suggestively on the floor. MTV retrospectively considered it one of the "most iconic" pop performances of all time.[58] The second single, "Material Girl", reached number two on the Hot 100. While filming the single\'s music video, Madonna started dating actor Sean Penn. They married on her birthday in 1985.[59]\nMadonna entered mainstream films in February 1985, beginning with a brief appearance as a club singer in Vision Quest, a romantic drama film. Its soundtrack contained two new singles, her U.S. number-one single, "Crazy for You", and another track "Gambler".[60] She also played the title role in the 1985 comedy Desperately Seeking Susan, a film which introduced the song "Into the Groove", her first number-one single in the UK.[61] Her popularity caused the film to be perceived as a Madonna vehicle, despite how she was not billed as a lead actress.[62] The New York Times film critic Vincent Canby named it one of the ten best films of 1985.[63]\nBeginning in April 1985, Madonna embarked on her first concert tour in North America, The Virgin Tour, with the Beastie Boys as her opening act. The tour saw the peak of Madonna wannabe phenomenon, with many female attendees dressing like her.[64] At that time, she released two more hits, "Angel" and "Dress You Up", making all four singles from the album peak inside the top five on the Hot 100 chart.[65] In July, Penthouse and Playboy magazines published a number of nude photos of Madonna, taken when she moonlighted as an art model in 1978.[66] She had posed for the photographs because she needed money at the time, and was paid as little as $25 a session.[67] The publication of the photos caused a media uproar, but Madonna remained "unapologetic and defiant".[68] The photographs were ultimately sold for up to $100,000.[67] She referred to these events at the 1985 outdoor Live Aid charity concert, saying that she would not take her jacket off because "[the media] might hold it against me ten years from now."[68][69]\n1986–1991: True Blue, Who\'s That Girl, Like a Prayer, and Dick Tracy\nMadonna performing in Rotterdam, on August 1987, during the Who\'s That Girl World Tour\nIn June 1986, Madonna released her third studio album, True Blue, which was inspired by and dedicated to her husband Penn.[70] Rolling Stone was impressed with the effort, writing that the album "sound[s] as if it comes from the heart".[71] Five singles were released—"Live to Tell", "Papa Don\'t Preach", "True Blue", "Open Your Heart", and "La Isla Bonita"—all of which reached number one in the U.S. or the UK.[60][72] The album topped the charts in 28 countries worldwide, an unprecedented achievement at the time, and remains Madonna\'s best-selling studio album, with sales of 25 million copies.[73][74] True Blue was featured in the 1992 edition of Guinness World Records as the best-selling album by a woman of all time.[75]\nMadonna starred in the critically panned film Shanghai Surprise in 1986, for which she received her first Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress.[76] She made her theatrical debut in a production of David Rabe\'s Goose and Tom-Tom; the film and play both co-starred Penn.[77] The next year, Madonna was featured in the film Who\'s That Girl. She contributed four songs to its soundtrack, including the title track and "Causing a Commotion".[44] Madonna embarked on the Who\'s That Girl World Tour in June 1987, which continued until September.[78][79] It broke several attendance records, including over 130,000 people in a show near Paris, which was then a record for the highest-attended female concert of all time.[80] Later that year, she released a remix album of past hits, You Can Dance, which reached number 14 on the Billboard 200.[43][81] After initially filing for an annulment in December 1987, Madonna filed for divorce from Penn in January 1989, citing irreconcilable differences.[59]\nIn January 1989, Madonna signed an endorsement deal with soft-drink manufacturer Pepsi. In one Pepsi commercial, she debuted "Like a Prayer", the lead single and title track from her fourth studio album. The music video featured Catholic symbols such as stigmata and cross burning, and a dream of making love to a saint, leading the Vatican to condemn the video. Religious groups sought to ban the commercial and boycott Pepsi products. Pepsi revoked the commercial and canceled her sponsorship contract.[82][83] "Like a Prayer" topped the charts in many countries, becoming her seventh number one on the Hot 100.[44][60]\nMadonna co-wrote and co-produced Like a Prayer with Patrick Leonard, Stephen Bray, and Prince.[84] Music critic J. D. Considine from Rolling Stone praised it "as close to art as pop music gets ... proof not only that Madonna should be taken seriously as an artist but that hers is one of the most compelling voices of the Eighties."[85] Like a Prayer peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 15 million copies worldwide.[43][86] Other successful singles from the album were "Express Yourself" and "Cherish", both peaked at number two in the US, as well as the UK top-five "Dear Jessie" and the U.S. top-ten "Keep It Together".[44][60] By the end of the 1980s, Madonna was named as the "Artist of the Decade" by MTV, Billboard and Musician magazine.[87][88][89]\nMadonna starred as Breathless Mahoney in the film Dick Tracy (1990), with Warren Beatty playing the title role.[90] The film went to number one on the U.S. box office for two weeks and Madonna received a Saturn Award nomination for Best Actress.[91][92] To accompany the film, she released the soundtrack album, I\'m Breathless, which included songs inspired by the film\'s 1930s setting. It also featured the U.S. number-one song "Vogue"[93] and "Sooner or Later".[94] While shooting the film, Madonna began a relationship with Beatty, which dissolved by the end of 1990.[95]\nIn April 1990, Madonna began her Blond Ambition World Tour, which was held until August.[96] Rolling Stone called it an "elaborately choreographed, sexually provocative extravaganza" and proclaimed it "the best tour of 1990".[97] The tour generated strong negative reaction from religious groups for her performance of "Like a Virgin", during which two male dancers caressed her body before she simulated masturbation.[78] In response, Madonna said, "The tour in no way hurts anybody\'s sentiments. It\'s for open minds and gets them to see sexuality in a different way. Their own and others".[98] The live recording of the tour won Madonna her first Grammy Award, in the category of Best Long Form Music Video.[99]\nThe Immaculate Collection, Madonna\'s first greatest-hits compilation album, was released in November 1990. It included two new songs, "Justify My Love" and "Rescue Me".[100] The album was certified diamond by RIAA and sold over 31 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling compilation album by a solo artist in history.[101][102] "Justify My Love" reached number one in the U.S. becoming her ninth number-one[60] Its music video featured scenes of sadomasochism, bondage, same-sex kissing, and brief nudity.[103][104] The video was deemed too sexually explicit for MTV and was banned from the network.[103] Her first documentary film, Truth or Dare (known as In Bed with Madonna outside North America),[105] was released in May 1991. Chronicling her Blond Ambition World Tour, it became the highest-grossing documentary of all time (surpassed eleven years later by Michael Moore\'s Bowling for Columbine).[106]\n1992–1997: Maverick, Erotica, Sex, Bedtime Stories, Evita, and motherhood\nMadonna performing during The Girlie Show on September 1993\nIn 1992, Madonna starred in A League of Their Own as Mae Mordabito, a baseball player on an all-women\'s team. It reached number one on the box-office and became the tenth-highest-grossing film of the year in the U.S.[107] She recorded the film\'s theme song, "This Used to Be My Playground", which became her tenth Hot 100 number-one hit, the most by any female artist at the time.[60] The same year, Madonna sponsored the first retrospective for her former boyfriend Jean-Michel Basquiat at the Whitney Museum of American Art.[108][109] She also founded her own entertainment company, Maverick, consisting of a record company (Maverick Records), a film production company (Maverick Films), and associated music publishing, television broadcasting, book publishing and merchandising divisions. The deal was a joint venture with Time Warner and paid Madonna an advance of $60 million. It gave her 20% royalties from the music proceedings, the highest rate in the industry at the time, equaled only by Michael Jackson\'s royalty rate established a year earlier with Sony.[110] Her company later went on to become one of the most successful artist-run labels in history, producing multi-platinum artists such as Alanis Morissette and Michelle Branch.[111][112]\nUpon achieving total artistic control with Maverick,[110] Madonna released simultaneously her fifth studio album, Erotica, and her coffee table book, Sex. Consisting of sexually provocative and explicit images, photographed by Steven Meisel, the book received strong negative reaction from the media and the general public, but sold 1.5 million copies at $50 each in a matter of days.[113][114] The widespread backlash overshadowed Erotica, which ended up as her lowest selling album at the time.[114] Despite positive reviews, it became her first studio album since her debut album not to score any chart-topper in the U.S. The album entered the Billboard 200 at number two and yielded the Hot 100 top-ten hits "Erotica" and "Deeper and Deeper".[43][60] Madonna continued her provocative imagery in the 1993 erotic thriller, Body of Evidence, a film which contained scenes of sadomasochism and bondage. It was poorly received by critics.[115][116] She also starred in the film Dangerous Game, which was released straight to video in North America. The New York Times described the film as "angry and painful, and the pain feels real."[117]\nIn September 1993, Madonna embarked on The Girlie Show, in which she dressed as a whip-cracking dominatrix surrounded by topless dancers. In Puerto Rico she rubbed the island\'s flag between her legs on stage, resulting in outrage among the audience.[78] In March 1994, she appeared as a guest on the Late Show with David Letterman, using profanity that required censorship on television, and handing Letterman a pair of her panties and asking him to smell it.[118] The releases of her sexually explicit book, album and film, and the aggressive appearance on Letterman all made critics question Madonna as a sexual renegade. Critics and fans reacted negatively, who commented that "she had gone too far" and that her career was over.[119]\nBiographer J. Randy Taraborrelli described her ballad "I\'ll Remember" (1994) as an attempt to tone down her provocative image. The song was recorded for Alek Keshishian\'s 1994 film With Honors.[120] She made a subdued appearance with Letterman at an awards show and appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno after realizing that she needed to change her musical direction in order to sustain her popularity.[121] With her sixth studio album, Bedtime Stories (1994), Madonna employed a softer image to try to improve the public perception.[121] The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 and generated two U.S. top-five hits, "Secret" and "Take a Bow", the latter topping the Hot 100 for seven weeks, the longest period of any Madonna single.[122] Something to Remember, a collection of ballads, was released in November 1995. The album featured three new songs: "You\'ll See", "One More Chance", and a cover of Marvin Gaye\'s "I Want You".[60][123] Around this time, Madonna dated basketball player Dennis Rodman and rapper Tupac Shakur.[124][125][126] She later became romantically involved with fitness trainer Carlos Leon.[127]\nThis is the role I was born to play. I put everything of me into this because it was much more than a role in a movie. It was exhilarating and intimidating at the same time. And I am prouder of Evita than anything else I have done.\n—Madonna talking about her role in Evita[128]\nIn the 1996 musical, Evita, Madonna played the title role of Eva Perón.[129][130] For a long time, Madonna had desired to play Perón and wrote to director Alan Parker to explain why she would be perfect for the part. After securing the role, she received vocal coaching and learned about the history of Argentina and Perón. During filming Madonna became ill several times, after finding out that she was pregnant, and from the intense emotional effort required with the scenes.[131] Upon Evita\'s release in December 1996, Madonna\'s performance received praise from film critics.[132] Zach Conner of Time magazine remarked, "It\'s a relief to say that Evita is pretty damn fine, well cast and handsomely visualized. Madonna once again confounds our expectations."[133] For the role, she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.[134]\nThe Evita soundtrack, containing songs mostly performed by Madonna, was released as a double album.[135] It included "You Must Love Me" and "Don\'t Cry for Me Argentina"; the latter reached number one in countries across Europe.[136] Madonna was presented with the Artist Achievement Award by Tony Bennett at the 1996 Billboard Music Awards.[137] On October 14, 1996, she gave birth to Lourdes "Lola" Maria Ciccone Leon, her daughter with Leon.[138] Biographer Mary Cross writes that although Madonna often worried that her pregnancy would harm Evita, she reached some important personal goals: "Now 38 years old, Madonna had at last triumphed on screen and achieved her dream of having a child, both in the same year. She had reached another turning point in her career, reinventing herself and her image with the public."[139] Her relationship with Carlos Leon ended in May 1997 and she declared that they were "better off as best friends".[140][141]\n1998–2002: Ray of Light, Music, second marriage, and touring comeback\nAfter Lourdes\'s birth, Madonna became involved in Eastern mysticism and Kabbalah, introduced to her by actress Sandra Bernhard.[142] Her seventh studio album, Ray of Light, (1998) reflected this change in her perception and image.[143][144] She collaborated with electronica producer William Orbit and wanted to create a sound that could blend dance music with pop and British rock.[145] American music critic Ann Powers explained that what Madonna searched for with Orbit "was a kind of a lushness that she wanted for this record. Techno and rave were happening in the 90s and had a lot of different forms. There was very experimental, more hard stuff like Aphex Twin. There was party stuff like Fatboy Slim. That\'s not what Madonna wanted for this. She wanted something more like a singer-songwriter, really. And William Orbit provided her with that."[145]\nMadonna performing during one of the dates of the Drowned World Tour on September, 2001\nThe album garnered critical acclaim, with Slant Magazine calling it "one of the great pop masterpieces of the \'90s"[146] Ray of Light was honored with four Grammy Awards—including Best Pop Album and Best Dance Recording—and was nominated for both Album of the Year and Record of the Year.[147] Rolling Stone listed it among "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time".[148] Commercially, the album peaked at number-one in numerous countries and sold more than 16 million copies worldwide.[149] The album\'s lead single, "Frozen", became Madonna\'s first single to debut at number one in the UK, while in the U.S. it became her sixth number-two single, setting another record for Madonna as the artist with the most number-two hits.[60][150] The second single, "Ray of Light", debuted at number five on the Billboard Hot 100.[151] The 1998 edition of Guinness Book of World Records documented that "no female artist has sold more records than Madonna around the world".[152]\nMadonna founded Ray of Light Foundation which focused on women, education, global development and humanitarian.[153] She recorded the single "Beautiful Stranger" for the 1999 film Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me, which earned her a Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.[99] Madonna starred in the 2000 comedy-drama film The Next Best Thing, directed by John Schlesinger. The film opened at number two on the U.S. box office with $5.9 million grossed in its first week, but this quickly diminished.[154] She also contributed two songs to the film\'s soundtrack—a cover of Don McLean\'s 1971 song "American Pie" and an original song "Time Stood Still"—the former became her ninth UK number-one single.[155]\nMadonna released her eighth studio album, Music, in September 2000. It featured elements from the electronica-inspired Ray of Light era, and like its predecessor, received acclaim from critics. Collaborating with French producer Mirwais Ahmadzaï, Madonna commented: "I love to work with the weirdos that no one knows about—the people who have raw talent and who are making music unlike anyone else out there. Music is the future of sound."[156] Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic felt that "Music blows by in a kaleidoscopic rush of color, technique, style and substance. It has so many depth and layers that it\'s easily as self-aware and earnest as Ray of Light."[157] The album took the number-one position in more than 20 countries worldwide and sold four million copies in the first ten days.[147] In the U.S., Music debuted at the top, and became her first number-one album in eleven years since Like a Prayer.[158] It produced three singles: the Hot 100 number-one "Music", "Don\'t Tell Me", and "What It Feels Like for a Girl".[60] The music video of "What It Feels Like for a Girl" depicted Madonna committing acts of crime and vandalism, and was banned by MTV and VH1.[159]\nShe first met director Guy Ritchie, who would later become her second husband, in the summer of 1998 and gave birth to their son Rocco John Ritchie on August 11, 2000 in Los Angeles. Rocco and Madonna suffered complications from the birth due to her experiencing placenta praevia. He was christened at Dornoch Cathedral in Dornoch, Scotland, on December 21, 2000. Madonna married Ritchie the following day at nearby Skibo Castle.[160][161] After an eight-year absence of touring, Madonna started her Drowned World Tour in June 2001.[78] The tour visited cities in the U.S. and Europe and was the highest-grossing concert tour of the year by a solo artist, earning $75 million from 47 sold-out shows.[162] She also released her second greatest-hits collection, GHV2, which compiled 15 singles during the second decade of her recording career. The album debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200 and sold seven million units worldwide.[163][164]\nMadonna starred in the film Swept Away, directed by Ritchie. Released direct-to-video in the UK, the film was a commercial and critical failure.[165] In May 2002 she appeared in London in the West End play Up For Grabs at the Wyndhams Theatre (billed as \'Madonna Ritchie\'), to universally bad reviews and was described as "the evening\'s biggest disappointment" by one.[166][167] That October, she released "Die Another Day", the title song of the James Bond film Die Another Day, in which she had a cameo role, described by Peter Bradshaw from The Guardian as "incredibly wooden".[168] The song reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for both a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song.[60]\n2003–2006: American Life and Confessions on a Dance Floor\nMadonna performing "American Life" during the Re-Invention World Tour, the highest-grossing tour of 2004\nIn 2003, Madonna collaborated with fashion photographer Steven Klein for an exhibition installation named X-STaTIC Pro=CeSS, which ran from March to May in New York\'s Deitch Projects gallery and also traveled the world in an edited form.[169] The same year, Madonna released her ninth studio album, American Life, which was based on her observations of American society.[170] She explained that the record was "like a trip down memory lane, looking back at everything I\'ve accomplished and all the things I once valued and all the things that were important to me." Larry Flick from The Advocate felt that "American Life is an album that is among her most adventurous and lyrically intelligent" while condemning it as "a lazy, half-arsed effort to sound and take her seriously."[171][172] The original music video of its title track caused controversy due to its violence and anti-war imagery, and was withdrawn after the 2003 invasion of Iraq started. Madonna voluntarily censored herself for the first time in her career due to the political climate of the country, saying that "there was a lynch mob mentality that was going on that wasn\'t pretty and I have children to protect."[173] The song stalled at number 37 on the Hot 100,[60] while the album became her lowest-selling album at that point with four million copies worldwide.[174]\nMadonna gave another provocative performance later that year at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards, when she kissed singers Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera while singing the track "Hollywood".[175][176] In October 2003, she provided guest vocals on Spears\' single "Me Against the Music".[177] It was followed with the release of Remixed & Revisited. The EP contained remixed versions of songs from American Life and included "Your Honesty", a previously unreleased track from the Bedtime Stories recording sessions.[178] Madonna also signed a contract with Callaway Arts & Entertainment to be the author of five children\'s books. The first of these books, titled The English Roses, was published in September 2003. The story was about four English schoolgirls and their envy and jealousy of each other.[179] The book debuted at the top of The New York Times Best Seller list and became the fastest-selling children\'s picture book of all time.[180] Madonna donated all of its proceeds to a children\'s charity.[181]\nThe next year Madonna and Maverick sued Warner Music Group and its former parent company Time Warner, claiming that mismanagement of resources and poor bookkeeping had cost the company millions of dollars. In return, Warner filed a countersuit alleging that Maverick had lost tens of millions of dollars on its own.[111][182] The dispute was resolved when the Maverick shares, owned by Madonna and Ronnie Dashev, were purchased by Warner. Madonna and Dashev\'s company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Music, but Madonna was still signed to Warner under a separate recording contract.[111]\nIn mid-2004, Madonna embarked on the Re-Invention World Tour in the U.S., Canada, and Europe. It became the highest-grossing tour of 2004, earning around $120 million and became the subject of her documentary I\'m Going to Tell You a Secret.[183][184] In November 2004, she was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame as one of its five founding members, along with the Beatles, Elvis Presley, Bob Marley, and U2.[185] Rolling Stone ranked her at number 36 on its special issue of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, featuring an article about her written by Britney Spears.[186] In January 2005, Madonna performed a cover version of the John Lennon song "Imagine" at Tsunami Aid.[187] She also performed at the Live 8 benefit concert in London in July 2005.[188]\nWhen I wrote American Life, I was very agitated by what was going on in the world around me, [...] I was angry. I had a lot to get off my chest. I made a lot of political statements. But now, I feel that I just want to have fun; I want to dance; I want to feel buoyant. And I want to give other people the same feeling. There\'s a lot of madness in the world around us, and I want people to be happy.\n—Madonna talking about Confessions on a Dance Floor.[189]\nHer tenth studio album, Confessions on a Dance Floor, was released in November 2005. Musically the album was structured like a club set composed by a DJ. It was acclaimed by critics, with Keith Caulfield from Billboard commenting that the album was a "welcome return to form for the Queen of Pop."[190] The album won a Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album.[99] Confessions on a Dance Floor and its lead single, "Hung Up", went on to reach number one in 40 and 41 countries respectively, earning a place in Guinness World Records.[191] The song contained a sample of ABBA\'s "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)", only the second time that ABBA has allowed their work to be used. ABBA songwriter Björn Ulvaeus remarked "It is a wonderful track—100 per cent solid pop music."[192] "Sorry", the second single, became Madonna\'s twelfth number-one single in the UK.[61]\nMadonna embarked on the Confessions Tour in May 2006, which had a global audience of 1.2 million and grossed over $193.7 million, becoming the highest-grossing tour to that date for a female artist.[193] Madonna used religious symbols, such as the crucifix and Crown of Thorns, in the performance of "Live to Tell". It caused the Russian Orthodox Church and the Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia to urge all their members to boycott her concert.[194] At the same time, the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) announced officially that Madonna had sold over 200 million copies of her albums alone worldwide.[195]\nWhile on tour Madonna founded charitable organization Raising Malawi and partially funded an orphanage in and traveling to that country.[196] While there, she decided to adopt a boy named David Banda in October 2006.[197] The adoption raised strong public reaction, because Malawian law requires would-be parents to reside in Malawi for one year before adopting, which Madonna did not do.[198] She addressed this on The Oprah Winfrey Show, saying that there were no written adoption laws in Malawi that regulated foreign adoption. Madonna described how Banda had been suffering from pneumonia after surviving malaria and tuberculosis when they first met.[199] Banda\'s biological father, Yohane, commented, "These so-called human rights activists are harassing me every day, threatening me that I am not aware of what I am doing ... They want me to support their court case, a thing I cannot do for I know what I agreed with Madonna and her husband." The adoption was finalized in May 2008.[200][201]\n2007–2011: Filmmaking, Hard Candy, and business ventures\nMadonna released and performed the song "Hey You" at the London Live Earth concert in July 2007.[202] She announced her departure from Warner Bros. Records, and declared a new $120 million, ten-year 360 deal with Live Nation.[203] In 2008, Madonna produced and wrote I Am Because We Are, a documentary on the problems faced by Malawians; it was directed by Nathan Rissman, who worked as Madonna\'s gardener.[204] She also directed her first film, Filth and Wisdom. The plot of the film revolved around three friends and their aspirations. The Times said she had "done herself proud" while The Daily Telegraph described the film as "not an entirely unpromising first effort [but] Madonna would do well to hang on to her day job."[205][206] On March 10, 2008, Madonna was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in her first year of eligibility.[207] She did not sing at the ceremony but asked fellow Hall of Fame inductees and Michigan natives The Stooges to perform her songs "Burning Up" and "Ray of Light".[208]\nMadonna released her eleventh studio album, Hard Candy, in April 2008. Containing R&B and urban pop influences, the songs on Hard Candy were autobiographical in nature and saw Madonna collaborating with Justin Timberlake, Timbaland, Pharrell Williams and Nate "Danja" Hills.[209] The album debuted at number one in 37 countries and on the Billboard 200.[210][211] Caryn Ganz from Rolling Stone complimented it as an "impressive taste of her upcoming tour",[212] while BBC correspondent Mark Savage panned it as "an attempt to harness the urban market".[213]\nMadonna performing on the 2009 leg of the Sticky & Sweet Tour, which was the second highest-grossing tour of all time\n"4 Minutes" was released as the album\'s lead single and peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100. It was Madonna\'s 37th top-ten hit on the chart and pushed her past Elvis Presley as the artist with the most top-ten hits.[214] In the UK she retained her record for the most number-one singles for a female artist; "4 Minutes" becoming her thirteenth.[215] At the 23rd Japan Gold Disc Awards, Madonna received her fifth Artist of the Year trophy from Recording Industry Association of Japan, the most for any artist.[216] To further promote the album, she embarked on the Sticky & Sweet Tour, her first major venture with Live Nation. With a total gross of $408 million, it ended up as the second highest-grossing tour of all time, behind The Rolling Stones\'s A Bigger Bang Tour.[217] It remained the highest-grossing tour by a solo artist until Roger Waters\' The Wall Live surpassed it in 2013.[218]\nIn July 2008, Christopher Ciccone released a book titled Life with My Sister Madonna, which caused a rift between Madonna and him, because of unsolicited publication.[219] By fall, Madonna filed for divorce from Ritchie, citing irreconcilable differences.[220] In December 2008, Madonna\'s spokesperson announced that Madonna had agreed to a divorce settlement with Ritchie, the terms of which granted him between £50–60 million ($63.82–76.58 million), a figure that included the couple\'s London pub and residence and Wiltshire estate in England.[221] The marriage was dissolved by District Judge Reid by decree nisi at the clinical Principal Registry of the Family Division in High Holborn, London. They entered a compromise agreement for Rocco and David, then aged eight and three respectively, and divided the children\'s time between Ritchie\'s London home and Madonna\'s in New York, where the two were joined by Lourdes.[222][223] Soon after, Madonna applied to adopt Chifundo "Mercy" James from Malawi in May 2009, but the country\'s High Court rejected the application because Madonna was not a resident there.[224] She re-appealed, and on June 12, 2009, the Supreme Court of Malawi granted her the right to adopt Mercy.[225]\nMadonna concluded her contract with Warner by releasing her third greatest-hits album, Celebration, in September 2009. It contained the new songs "Celebration" and "Revolver" along with 34 hits spanning her musical career with the label.[226] Celebration reached number one in several countries, including Canada, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom.[227] She appeared at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards to speak in tribute to deceased pop singer Michael Jackson.[228] Madonna ended the 2000s as the best-selling single artist of the decade in the U.S. and the most-played artist of the decade in the UK.[229][230] Billboard also announced her as the third top-touring artist of the decade—behind only The Rolling Stones and U2—with a gross of over $801 million, 6.3 million attendance and 244 sell-outs of 248 shows.[231]\nMadonna performed at the Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief concert in January 2010.[232] Her third live album, Sticky & Sweet Tour, was released in April, debuting at number ten on the Billboard 200.[43] It also became her 20th top-ten on the Oricon Albums Chart, breaking the Beatles\' record for the most top-ten album by an international act in Japan.[233] Madonna granted American television show, Glee, the rights to her entire catalog of music, and the producers created an episode featuring her songs exclusively.[234] She also collaborated with Lourdes and released the Material Girl clothing line, inspired by her punk-girl style when she rose to fame in the 1980s.[235] In October, she opened a series of fitness centers around the world named Hard Candy Fitness,[236] and three months later unveiled a second fashion brand called Truth or Dare which included footwear, perfumes, underclothing, and accessories.[237]\nMadonna directed her second feature film, W.E., a biographical account about the affair between King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson. Co-written with Alek Keshishian, the film was premiered at the 68th Venice International Film Festival in September 2011.[238] Critical and commercial response to the film was negative.[239][240] Madonna contributed the ballad "Masterpiece" for the film\'s soundtrack, which won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.[241]\n2012–2017: Super Bowl XLVI halftime show, MDNA, and Rebel Heart\nMadonna and LMFAO performing during the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show on February 5, 2012\nIn February 2012, Madonna headlined the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show at the Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana.[242] Her performance was visualized by Cirque Du Soleil and Jamie King and featured special guests LMFAO, Nicki Minaj, M.I.A. and CeeLo Green. It became the then most-watched Super Bowl halftime show in history with 114 million viewers, higher than the game itself.[243] During the event, she performed "Give Me All Your Luvin\'", the lead single from her twelfth studio album, MDNA. It became her record-extending 38th top-ten single on the Billboard Hot 100.[244]\nMDNA was released in March 2012 and saw collaboration with various producers, including William Orbit and Martin Solveig.[245] It was her first release under her three-album deal with Interscope Records, which she signed as a part of her 360 deal with Live Nation.[246] She was signed to the record label since Live Nation was unable to distribute music recordings.[247] MDNA became Madonna\'s fifth consecutive studio record to debut at the top of the Billboard 200.[248] The album was mostly promoted by The MDNA Tour, which lasted from May to December 2012.[249] The tour featured controversial subjects such as violence, firearms, human rights, nudity and politics. With a gross of $305.2 million from 88 sold-out shows, it became the highest-grossing tour of 2012 and then-tenth highest-grossing tour of all time.[250] Madonna was named the top-earning celebrity of the year by Forbes, earning an estimated $125 million.[251]\nMadonna collaborated with Steven Klein and directed a 17-minute film, secretprojectrevolution, which was released on BitTorrent in September 2013.[252] With the film she launched the Art for Freedom initiative, which helped to promote "art and free speech as a means to address persecution and injustice across the globe". The website for the project included over 3,000 art related submissions since its inception, with Madonna regularly monitoring and enlisting other artists like David Blaine and Katy Perry as guest curators.[253]\nBy 2013, Madonna\'s Raising Malawi had built ten schools to educate 4,000 children in Malawi at a value of $400,000.[254] When Madonna visited the schools in April 2013, President of Malawi Joyce Banda accused her of exaggerating the charity\'s contribution.[255] Madonna was saddened by Banda\'s statement, but clarified that she had "no intention of being distracted by these ridiculous allegations". It was later confirmed that Banda had not approved the statement released by her press team.[256] Madonna also visited her hometown Detroit during May 2014 and donated funds to help with the city\'s bankruptcy.[257] The same year, her business ventures extended to skin care products with the launch of MDNA Skin in Tokyo, Japan.[258]\nMadonna\'s thirteenth studio album, Rebel Heart, was released in March 2015, three months after its thirteen demos leaked onto the Internet.[259] Unlike her previous efforts, which involved only a few people, Madonna worked with a large number of collaborators, including Avicii, Diplo and Kanye West.[260][261] Introspection was listed as one of the foundational themes prevalent on the record, along with "genuine statements of personal and careerist reflection".[262] Madonna explained to Jon Pareles of The New York Times that although she has never looked back at her past endeavors, reminiscing about it felt right for Rebel Heart.[263] Music critics responded positively towards the album, calling it her best effort in a decade.[264]\nMadonna performing during the Rebel Heart Tour, 2015\nFrom September 2015 to March 2016, Madonna embarked on the Rebel Heart Tour to promote the album. The tour traveled throughout North America, Europe and Asia and was Madonna\'s first visit to Australia in 23 years, where she also performed a one-off show for her fans.[265][266] Rebel Heart Tour grossed a total of $169.8 million from the 82 shows, with over 1.045 million ticket sales.[267] While on tour, Madonna became engaged in a legal battle with Ritchie, over the custody of their son Rocco. The dispute started when Rocco decided to continue living in England with Ritchie when the tour had visited there, while Madonna wanted him to travel with her. Court hearings took place in both New York and London. After multiple deliberations, Madonna withdrew her application for custody and decided to resolve the matter privately.[268]\nIn October 2016, Billboard named Madonna its Woman of the Year. Her "blunt and brutally honest" speech about ageism and sexism at the ceremony received widespread coverage in the media.[269][270] The next month Madonna, who actively supported Hillary Clinton during the 2016 U.S. presidential election, performed an impromptu acoustic concert at Washington Square Park in support of Clinton\'s campaign.[271] Upset that Donald Trump won the election, Madonna spoke out against him at the Women\'s March on Washington, a day after his inauguration.[272] She sparked controversy when she said that she "thought a lot about blowing up the White House".[273] The following day, Madonna asserted she was "not a violent person" and that her words had been "taken wildly out of context".[274]\nIn February 2017, Madonna adopted four-year-old twin sisters from Malawi named Estere and Stella,[275][276] and she moved to live in Lisbon, Portugal in summer 2017 with her adoptive children.[277] In July, she opened the Mercy James Institute for Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care in Malawi, a children\'s hospital built by her Raising Malawi charity.[278] The live album chronicling the Rebel Heart Tour was released in September 2017, and won Best Music Video for Western Artists at the 32nd Japan Gold Disc Award.[279][280] That month, Madonna launched MDNA Skin in select stores in the United States.[281] A few months earlier, the auction house Gotta Have Rock and Roll had put up Madonna\'s personal items like love letters from Tupac Shakur, cassettes, underwear and a hairbrush for sale. Darlene Lutz, an art dealer who had initiated the auction, was sued by Madonna\'s representatives to stop the proceedings. Madonna clarified that her celebrity status "does not obviate my right to maintain my privacy, including with regard to highly personal items". Madonna lost the case and the presiding judge ruled in favor of Lutz who was able to prove that in 2004 Madonna made a legal agreement with her for selling the items.[282]\n2018–present: Madame X and autobiographical film\nMadonna during the world premiere of the music video for "Medellín" on April 2019\nWhile living in Lisbon, Madonna met Dino D\'Santiago, who introduced her to many local musicians playing fado, morna, and samba music. They regularly invited her to their "living room sessions", thus she was inspired to make her 14th studio album, Madame X.[283] Madonna produced the album with several musicians, primarily her longtime collaborator Mirwais and Mike Dean.[284] The album was critically well received, with NME deeming it "bold, bizarre, self-referential and unlike anything Madonna has ever done before."[285] Released in June 2019, Madame X debuted atop the Billboard 200, becoming her ninth number-one album there.[286] All four of its singles—"Medellín", "Crave", "I Rise", and "I Don\'t Search I Find"—topped the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart, extending her record for most number-one entries on the chart.[287]\nMadonna appeared as the interval act at the Eurovision Song Contest in May 2019; she performed "Like a Prayer", and then "Future" with rapper Quavo.[288] The Madame X Tour, an all-theatre tour in select cities across North America and Europe, began on September 17, 2019. In addition to much smaller venues compared to her previous tours, Madonna implemented a no-phone policy in order to maximize the intimacy of the concert.[289] However, the tour faced several cancellations due to her recurring knee injury, and eventually ended abruptly on March 8, 2020, three days before its planned final date, after the French government banned gatherings of more than 1,000 people due to COVID-19 pandemic.[290][291] Madonna later admitted that she tested positive for coronavirus antibodies,[292] and donated $1 million to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to help fund research creating a new vaccine.[293]\nMadonna and Missy Elliott provided guest vocals on Dua Lipa\'s single "Levitating", from Lipa\'s 2020 remix album Club Future Nostalgia.[294] On August 7, 2020, Madonna posted a video on her Instagram where she discusses ideas for a script with writer Diablo Cody.[295] On September 10, she confirmed on an Instagram livestream they were writing a film about her life, to be produced by Amy Pascal.[296]\nArtistry\nInfluences\nAccording to Taraborrelli, the death of her mother had the most influence in shaping Madonna into the woman she would become. He believed that the devastation and abandonment Madonna felt at the loss of her mother taught her "a valuable lesson, that she would have to remain strong for herself because, she feared weakness—particularly her own."[5] Author Lucy O\'Brien opines that the impact of the sexual assault Madonna suffered in her young adult years was the motivating factor behind everything she has done, more important than the death of her mother: "It\'s not so much grief at her mother\'s death that drives her, as the sense of abandonment that left her unprotected. She encountered her own worst possible scenario, becoming a victim of male violence, and thereafter turned that full-tilt into her work, reversing the equation at every opportunity."[297]\nMadonna was influenced by Debbie Harry (left) and Chrissie Hynde (right), whom she called "strong, independent women who wrote their own music and evolved on their own".[298]\nMadonna said that the first song to ever make a strong impression on her was "These Boots Are Made for Walkin\'" by Nancy Sinatra; she said it summed up her own "take-charge attitude".[299] As a young woman, she attempted to broaden her taste in literature, art, and music, and during this time became interested in classical music. She noted that her favorite style was baroque, and loved Mozart and Chopin because she liked their "feminine quality".[300] Madonna\'s major influences include Debbie Harry, Chrissie Hynde, Karen Carpenter, the Supremes and Led Zeppelin, as well as dancers Martha Graham and Rudolf Nureyev.[298][301] She also grew up listening to David Bowie, whose show was the first rock concert she ever attended.[302]\nDuring her childhood, Madonna was inspired by actors, later saying, "I loved Carole Lombard and Judy Holliday and Marilyn Monroe. They were all incredibly funny ... and I saw myself in them ... my girlishness, my knowingness and my innocence."[299] Her "Material Girl" music video recreated Monroe\'s look in the song "Diamonds Are a Girl\'s Best Friend", from the film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953). She studied the screwball comedies of the 1930s, particularly those of Lombard, in preparation for the film Who\'s That Girl. The video for "Express Yourself" (1989) was inspired by Fritz Lang\'s silent film Metropolis (1927). The video for "Vogue" recreated the style of Hollywood glamour photographs, in particular those by Horst P. Horst, and imitated the poses of Marlene Dietrich, Carole Lombard, and Rita Hayworth, while the lyrics referred to many of the stars who had inspired her, including Bette Davis, described by Madonna as an idol.[98][303]\nInfluences also came to her from the art world, such as through the works of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo.[304] The music video of the song "Bedtime Story" featured images inspired by the paintings of Kahlo and Remedios Varo.[305] Madonna is also a collector of Tamara de Lempicka\'s Art Deco paintings and has included them in her music videos and tours.[306] Her video for "Hollywood" (2003) was an homage to the work of photographer Guy Bourdin; Bourdin\'s son subsequently filed a lawsuit for unauthorized use of his father\'s work.[307] Pop artist Andy Warhol\'s use of sadomasochistic imagery in his underground films were reflected in the music videos for "Erotica" and "Deeper and Deeper".[308]\nMadonna\'s Catholic background has been reflected throughout her career, from her fashion use of rosary to her musical outputs, including on Like a Prayer (1989).[309][310] Her album MDNA (2012) has also drawn many influences from her Catholic upbringing, and since 2011 she has been attending meetings and services at an Opus Dei center, a Catholic institution that encourages spirituality through everyday life.[311] In a 2016 interview, she commented: "I always feel some kind of inexplicable connection with Catholicism. It kind of shows up in all of my work, as you may have noticed."[312] Her study of the Kabbalah was also observed in Madonna\'s music, especially albums like Ray of Light and Music.[313] Speaking of religion in an interview with Harry Smith of Today Madonna stated, \'The God that I believe in, created the world [...] He/Her/They [sic] isn\'t a God to fear, it\'s a God to give thanks to. Also talking to Andrew Denton\'s Interview she added, \'The idea that in any church you go, you see a man on a cross and everyone genuflects and prays to him [...] in a way it\'s paganism/idolatry because people are worshipping a thing.\'[314][315]\nMusical style and composition\n[Madonna] is a brilliant pop melodist and lyricist. I was knocked out by the quality of the writing [during Ray of Light sessions]... I know she grew up on Joni Mitchell and Motown, and to my ears she embodies the best of both worlds. She is a wonderful confessional songwriter, as well as being a superb hit chorus pop writer.\n—Rick Nowels, on co-writing with Madonna.[316]\nMadonna\'s music has been the subject of much analysis and scrutiny. Robert M. Grant, author of Contemporary Strategy Analysis (2005), commented that Madonna\'s musical career has been a continuous experimentation with new musical ideas and new images and a constant quest for new heights of fame and acclaim.[317] Thomas Harrison in the book Pop Goes the Decade: The Eighties deemed Madonna "an artist who pushed the boundaries" of what a female singer could do, both visually and lyrically.[318] Professor Santiago Fouz-Hernández asserted, "While not gifted with an especially powerful or wide-ranging voice, Madonna has worked to expand her artistic palette to encompass diverse musical, textual and visual styles and various vocal guises, all with the intention of presenting herself as a mature musician."[319]\nMadonna has remained in charge in every aspect of her career, including as a writer and producer in most of her own music.[33][320] Her desire for control had already been seen during the making of her debut album, where she fought Reggie Lucas over his production output. However, it was not until her third album that Warner allowed Madonna to produce her own album.[321] Stan Hawkins, author of Settling the Pop Score explained, "it is as musician and producer that Madonna is one of the few female artists to have broken into the male domain of the recording studio. Undoubtedly, Madonna is fully aware that women have been excluded from the musical workplace on most levels, and has set out to change this."[322] Producer Stuart Price stated: "You don\'t produce Madonna, you collaborate with her... She has her vision and knows how to get it."[323] Despite being labeled a "control freak", Madonna has said that she valued input from her collaborators.[324] She further explained:\nI like to have control over most of the things in my career but I\'m not a tyrant. I don\'t have to have it on my album that it\'s written, arranged, produced, directed and stars Madonna. To me, to have total control means you can lose objectivity. What I like is to be surrounded by really, talented intelligent people that you can trust. And ask them for their advice and get their input.[325]\nMadonna\'s early songwriting skill was developed during her time with the Breakfast Club in 1979.[326] She subsequently became the sole writer of five songs on her debut album, including "Lucky Star" which she composed on synthesizer.[327] As a songwriter, Madonna has registered more than 300 tracks to ASCAP, including 18 songs written entirely by herself.[328] Rolling Stone has named her "an exemplary songwriter with a gift for hooks and indelible lyrics."[329] Despite having worked with producers across many genres, the magazine noted that Madonna\'s compositions have been "consistently stamped with her own sensibility and inflected with autobiographical detail."[330] Patrick Leonard, who co-wrote many of her hit songs, called Madonna "a helluva songwriter", explaining: "Her sensibility about melodic line—from the beginning of the verse to the end of the verse and how the verse and the chorus influence each other—is very deep. Many times she\'s singing notes that no one would\'ve thought of but her."[331] Barry Walters from Spin credited her songwriting as the reason of her musical consistency.[332] Madonna has been nominated for being inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame three times.[333] In 2015, Rolling Stone ranked Madonna at number 56 on the "100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time" list.[330]\n"Live to Tell" (1986)\nMENU\n0:00\nMadonna wrote all the lyrics and partial melodies of "Live to Tell", an adult contemporary ballad, which was noted as her first musical reinvention.[334]\n"Ray of Light" (1998)\nAn uptempo electronic dance song, "Ray of Light" showcases Madonna\'s post-Evita upper vocal register.[335]\nProblems playing these files? See media help.\nMadonna\'s discography is generally categorized as pop, electronica, and dance.[336][337] Nevertheless, Madonna\'s first foray into the music industry was dabbling in rock music with Breakfast Club and Emmy.[338] As the frontwoman of Emmy, Madonna recorded about 12–14 songs that resemble the punk rock of that period.[326] Madonna soon abandoned playing rock songs by the time she signed to Gotham Records, which eventually dropped her since they were unhappy with her new funk direction.[339] According to Erlewine, Madonna began her career as a disco diva, in an era that did not have any such divas to speak of. In the beginning of the 1980s, disco was an anathema to the mainstream pop, and Madonna had a huge role in popularizing dance music as mainstream music.[340] Arie Kaplan in the book American Pop: Hit Makers, Superstars, and Dance Revolutionaries referred to Madonna as "a pioneer" of dance-pop.[341] According to Fouz-Hernández, "Madonna\'s frequent use of dance idioms and subsequent association with gay or sexually liberated audiences, is seen as somehow inferior to \'real\' rock and roll. But Madonna\'s music refuses to be defined by narrow boundaries of gender, sexuality or anything else."[319]\nThe dark ballad "Live to Tell", as well as its parent album True Blue (1986), is noted as Madonna\'s first musical reinvention.[334] She continued producing confessional ballads in between her upbeat material, although albums such as Madonna (1983) and Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005) consist of entirely dance tracks.[342][343] With Ray of Light (1998), critics acknowledged Madonna for bringing electronica from its underground status into a massive popularity in mainstream music scene.[344] Her other sonically drastic ventures include the 1930s big-band jazz on I\'m Breathless (1990);[345] lush R&B on Bedtime Stories (1994);[346] operatic show tunes on Evita (1996);[347] guitar-driven folk music on American Life (2003);[348] as well as multilingual world music on Madame X (2019).[349]\nVoice and instruments\nMadonna playing the guitar riff of "A New Level" by heavy metal band Pantera during the 2008 Sticky & Sweet Tour[350]\nPossessing a mezzo-soprano vocal range,[351][352] Madonna has always been self-conscious about her voice.[353] Mark Bego, author of Madonna: Blonde Ambition, called her "the perfect vocalist for lighter-than-air songs", despite not being a "heavyweight talent."[354] According to Tony Sclafani from MSNBC, "Madonna\'s vocals are the key to her rock roots. Pop vocalists usually sing songs "straight," but Madonna employs subtext, irony, aggression and all sorts of vocal idiosyncrasies in the ways John Lennon and Bob Dylan did."[338] Madonna used a bright, girlish vocal timbre in her early albums which became passé in her later works. The change was deliberate since she was constantly reminded of how the critics had once labelled her as "Minnie Mouse on helium".[353] During the filming of Evita (1996), Madonna had to take vocal lessons, which increased her range further. Of this experience she commented, "I studied with a vocal coach for Evita and I realized there was a whole piece of my voice I wasn\'t using. Before, I just believed I had a really limited range and was going to make the most of it."[335]\nBesides singing, Madonna has the ability to play several musical instruments. Piano was the first instrument taught to her as a kid.[13] In the late 1970s, she learned to play drum and guitar from her then-boyfriend Dan Gilroy, before joining the Breakfast Club line-up as the drummer.[355] She later played guitar with the band Emmy as well as on her own demo recordings.[356] After her career breakthrough, Madonna was absent performing with guitar for years, but she is credited for playing cowbell on Madonna (1983) and synthesizer on Like a Prayer (1989).[320] In 1999, Madonna had studied for three months to play the violin for the role as a violin teacher in the film Music of the Heart, but she eventually left the project before filming began.[357] Madonna decided to perform with guitar again during the promotion of Music (2000) and recruited guitarist Monte Pittman to help improve her skill.[358] Since then, Madonna has played guitar on every tour, as well as her studio albums.[320] She received a nomination for Les Paul Horizon Award at the 2002 Orville H. Gibson Guitar Awards.[359]\nMusic videos and performances\nSee also: Madonna videography\nIn The Madonna Companion biographers Allen Metz and Carol Benson noted that Madonna had used MTV and music videos to establish her popularity and enhance her recorded work more than any other recent pop artist.[360] According to them, many of her songs have the imagery of the music video in strong context, while referring to the music. Cultural critic Mark C. Taylor in his book Nots (1993) felt that the postmodern art form par excellence is video and the reigning "queen of video" is Madonna. He further asserted that "the most remarkable creation of MTV is Madonna. The responses to Madonna\'s excessively provocative videos have been predictably contradictory."[361] The media and public reaction towards her most-discussed songs such as "Papa Don\'t Preach", "Like a Prayer", or "Justify My Love" had to do with the music videos created to promote the songs and their impact, rather than the songs themselves.[360] Morton felt that "artistically, Madonna\'s songwriting is often overshadowed by her striking pop videos."[362] In 2003, MTV named her "The Greatest Music Video Star Ever" and said that "Madonna\'s innovation, creativity and contribution to the music video art form is what won her the award."[363] In 2020, Billboard ranked her atop the 100 Greatest Music Video Artists of All Time.[364]\nMadonna\'s live performances vary from choreographed routines such as voguing (above) to stripped-down ones with only a ukulele (below).\nMadonna\'s initial music videos reflected her American and Hispanic mixed street style combined with a flamboyant glamor.[360] She was able to transmit her avant-garde downtown New York fashion sense to the American audience.[365] The imagery and incorporation of Hispanic culture and Catholic symbolism continued with the music videos from the True Blue era.[366] Author Douglas Kellner noted, "such \'multiculturalism\' and her culturally transgressive moves turned out to be highly successful moves that endeared her to large and varied youth audiences."[367] Madonna\'s Spanish look in the videos became the fashion trend of that time, in the form of boleros and layered skirts, accessorizing with rosary beads and a crucifix as in the video of "La Isla Bonita".[368][369] Academics noted that with her videos, Madonna was subtly reversing the usual role of male as the dominant sex.[370] This symbolism and imagery was probably the most prevalent in the music video for "Like a Prayer". The video included scenes of an African-American church choir, Madonna being attracted to a black saint statue, and singing in front of burning crosses.[371]\nMadonna\'s performances on films have frequently received poor reviews from film critics. Stephanie Zacharek stated in Time that, "[Madonna] seems wooden and unnatural as an actress, and it\'s tough to watch, because she\'s clearly trying her damnedest." According to biographer Andrew Morton, "Madonna puts a brave face on the criticism, but privately she is deeply hurt." After the box office bomb Swept Away (2002), Madonna vowed that she would never again act in a film, hoping her repertoire as a bad actress would never be discussed again.[372] While reviewing her career retrospective titled Body of Work (2016) at New York\'s Metrograph hall, The Guardian\'s Nigel M. Smith found that Madonna\'s film career suffered mostly due to lack of proper material supplied to her, and given a chance "[she] could steal a scene for all the right reasons".[373]\nMetz noted that Madonna represents a paradox as she is often perceived as living her whole life as a performance. While her big-screen performances are panned, her live performances are critical successes.[374] Madonna was the first artist to have her concert tours as reenactment of her music videos. Author Elin Diamond explained that reciprocally, the fact that images from Madonna\'s videos can be recreated in a live setting enhances the original videos\' realism. She believed that "her live performances have become the means by which mediatized representations are naturalized".[375] Taraborrelli said that encompassing multimedia, latest technology and sound systems, Madonna\'s concerts and live performances are "extravagant show piece[s], [and] walking art show[s]."[376]\nChris Nelson from The New York Times commented that "artists like Madonna and Janet Jackson set new standards for showmanship, with concerts that included not only elaborate costumes and precision-timed pyrotechnics but also highly athletic dancing. These effects came at the expense of live singing."[377] Thor Christensen of The Dallas Morning News commented that while Madonna earned a reputation for lip-syncing during her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour, she has subsequently reorganized her performances by "stay[ing] mostly still during her toughest singing parts and [leaves] the dance routines to her backup troupe ... [r]ather than try to croon and dance up a storm at the same time."[378] To allow for greater movement while dancing and singing, Madonna was one of the earliest adopters of hands-free radio-frequency headset microphones, with the headset fastened over the ears or the top of the head, and the microphone capsule on a boom arm that extended to the mouth. Because of her prominent usage, the microphone design came to be known as the "Madonna mic".[379][380]\nLegacy\nSee also: Cultural impact of Madonna, Madonna studies, Madonna wannabe, Bibliography of works on Madonna, List of Madonna tribute albums, and List of cover versions of Madonna songs\nVarious music journalists, critical theorists, and authors have noted Madonna\'s legacy[381][382][383] and deemed her (arguably) the most influential female (pop) music artist of all time.[134][384][385] She topped VH1\'s "100 Greatest Women in Music" list and The Daily Telegraph\'s "20 Greatest Female Artists" list.[386][387] According to Rodrigo Fresán, "saying that Madonna is just a pop star is as inappropriate as saying that Coca-Cola is just a soda. Madonna is one of the classic symbols of Made in USA."[388] Rolling Stone Spain wrote, "She became the first master of viral pop in history, years before the internet was massively used. Madonna was everywhere; in the almighty music television channels, \'radio formulas\', magazine covers and even in bookstores. A pop dialectic, never seen since the Beatles\'s reign, which allowed her to keep on the edge of trend and commerciality."[389] William Langley from The Daily Telegraph felt that "Madonna has changed the world\'s social history, has done more things as more different people than anyone else is ever likely to."[390] Diane Pecknold documented in American Icons (2006), "the fact that not only her work but her person was open to multiple interpretations contributed to the rise of Madonna studies, a cottage industry of academic writing that heralded and hastened the development of American cultural studies.[391]\nWax figure of Madonna at Madame Tussauds museum in Hong Kong\nSpin writer Bianca Gracie stated that "the "Queen of Pop" isn\'t enough to describe Madonna—she is Pop. [She] formulated the blueprint of what a pop star should be."[392] According to Sclafani, "It\'s worth noting that before Madonna, most music mega-stars were guy rockers; after her, almost all would be female singers ... When the Beatles hit America, they changed the paradigm of performer from solo act to band. Madonna changed it back—with an emphasis on the female."[393] Howard Kramer, curatorial director of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, asserted that "Madonna and the career she carved out for herself made possible virtually every other female pop singer to follow ... She certainly raised the standards of all of them ... She redefined what the parameters were for female performers."[394] Andy Bennett and Steve Waksman, authors of The SAGE Handbook of Popular Music (2014), noted that "almost all female pop stars of recent years—Britney Spears, Beyoncé, Rihanna, Katy Perry, Lady Gaga, and others—acknowledge the important influence of Madonna on their own careers."[336] Madonna has also influenced male artists, inspiring rock frontmen Liam Gallagher of Oasis and Chester Bennington of Linkin Park to become musicians.[395][396]\nMadonna\'s use of sexual imagery has benefited her career and catalyzed public discourse on sexuality and feminism.[397] As Roger Chapman documents in Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices, Volume 1 (2010), she has drawn frequent condemnation from religious organizations, social conservatives and parental watchdog groups for her use of explicit, sexual imagery and lyrics, religious symbolism, and otherwise "irreverent" behavior in her live performances.[398] The Times wrote that she had "started a revolution amongst women in music ... Her attitudes and opinions on sex, nudity, style and sexuality forced the public to sit up and take notice."[399] Professor John Fiske noted that the sense of empowerment that Madonna offers is inextricably connected with the pleasure of exerting some control over the meanings of self, of sexuality, and of one\'s social relations.[400] In Doing Gender in Media, Art and Culture (2009), the authors noted that Madonna, as a female celebrity, performer, and pop icon, is able to unsettle standing feminist reflections and debates.[401] According to lesbian feminist Sheila Jeffreys, Madonna represents woman\'s occupancy of what Monique Wittig calls the category of sex, as powerful, and appears to gleefully embrace the performance of the sexual corvée allotted to women.[402] Professor Sut Jhally has referred to Madonna as "an almost sacred feminist icon."[403]\nMadonna has received acclaim as a role model for businesswomen in her industry, "achieving the kind of financial control that women had long fought for within the industry", and generating over $1.2 billion in sales within the first decade of her career.[404] According to Gini Gorlinski in the book The 100 Most Influential Musicians of All Time (2010), Madonna\'s levels of power and control were "unprecedented" for a woman in the entertainment industry.[405] Professor Colin Barrow from Cranfield School of Management described her as "America\'s smartest businesswoman ... who has moved to the top of her industry and stayed there by constantly reinventing herself."[406] London Business School academics called her a "dynamic entrepreneur" worth copying; they identified her vision of success, her understanding of the music industry, her ability to recognize her own performance limits (and thus bring in help), her willingness to work hard and her ability to adapt as the keys to her commercial success.[407] Morton wrote that "Madonna is opportunistic, manipulative, and ruthless—somebody who won\'t stop until she gets what she wants—and that\'s something you can get at the expense of maybe losing your close ones. But that hardly mattered to her."[408]\nAwards and achievements\nMain articles: List of awards and nominations received by Madonna and List of Madonna records and achievements\nMadonna was the first person to be inducted into the Wembley Square of Fame in London, England.[409]\nMadonna\'s net worth is estimated between US$590 million to $800 million.[2][3] She has sold over 300 million records worldwide.[410][411] The Guinness World Records acknowledged her as the best-selling female music artist of all time.[412] According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), she is the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the third highest-certified female albums artist in the United States, with 64.5 million certified album units.[413][414] She has the most RIAA multi-platinum albums by a female artist, with 12 releases (tying with Barbra Streisand).[415] Madonna is the most certified artist of all time in United Kingdom, with 45 awards from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) as of April 2013.[416]\nMadonna remains the highest-grossing solo touring artist of all time,[267] with over US$1.5 billion earned from her concert tours throughout her career.[417] As of 2016, Billboard Boxscore ranked Madonna as the third highest-grossing touring act of all time, with over $1.31 billion in concert gross since 1990, behind only the Rolling Stones ($1.84 billion) and U2 ($1.67 billion).[267] Madonna also remains the only woman in history with two solo concerts attended by 100,000 people; her Who\'s That Girl World Tour\'s concert in Parc de Sceaux, Paris, drew over 130,000 audience, while her Girlie Show\'s concert in Maracanã Stadium, Rio de Janeiro, drew over 120,000 audience.[80][418] Madonna has also won seven Grammy Awards and twenty MTV Video Music Awards, including the 1986 Video Vanguard Award for which she became the first female recipient.[419][420]\nAccording to Billboard, Madonna is the most successful solo artist in the Hot 100 chart history (second overall behind the Beatles) and the most successful dance club artist of all time.[421][422] With a total of 50 Dance Club Songs chart-toppers, Madonna became the artist with the most number-one songs on any single Billboard chart, pulling ahead of George Strait with 44 number-one songs on the Hot Country Songs chart.[287] She has also scored 38 top-ten singles on the Hot 100, more than any other female artist in history; she held the record among all artists for nearly two decades (between 2002 and 2020), before being overtaken by Drake.[423][424] Internationally, Madonna holds the record for the most number-one singles by a female artist in Australia (11),[425] Canada (25),[426][427] Italy (23),[428][429] Ireland (8),[430] Finland (7),[431] Spain (21),[432][433] and the United Kingdom (13).[434] At the 40th anniversary of the GfK Media Control Charts, Madonna was ranked as the most successful singles artist in German chart history.[435]\nDiscography\nMain articles: Madonna albums discography, Madonna singles discography, and List of songs recorded by Madonna\nMadonna (1983)\nLike a Virgin (1984)\nTrue Blue (1986)\nLike a Prayer (1989)\nErotica (1992)\nBedtime Stories (1994)\nRay of Light (1998)\nMusic (2000)\nAmerican Life (2003)\nConfessions on a Dance Floor (2005)\nHard Candy (2008)\nMDNA (2012)\nRebel Heart (2015)\nMadame X (2019)\nFilmography\nMain article: Madonna filmography\nFilms starred\nA Certain Sacrifice (1979)\nDesperately Seeking Susan (1985)\nShanghai Surprise (1986)\nWho\'s That Girl (1987)\nBloodhounds of Broadway (1989)\nDick Tracy (1990)\nMadonna: Truth or Dare (1991)\nShadows and Fog (1991)\nA League of Their Own (1992)\nBody of Evidence (1993)\nDangerous Game (1993)\nFour Rooms (1995)\nEvita (1996)\nThe Next Best Thing (2000)\nSwept Away (2002)\nI\'m Going to Tell You a Secret (2005)\nArthur and the Invisibles (2006)\nFilms directed\nFilth and Wisdom (2008)\nW.E. (2011)\nTours\nMain article: List of Madonna concerts\nThe Virgin Tour (1985)\nWho\'s That Girl World Tour (1987)\nBlond Ambition World Tour (1990)\nThe Girlie Show (1993)\nDrowned World Tour (2001)\nRe-Invention World Tour (2004)\nConfessions Tour (2006)\nSticky & Sweet Tour (2008–2009)\nThe MDNA Tour (2012)\nRebel Heart Tour (2015–2016)\nMadame X Tour (2019–2020)\nEnterprises\nSee also: Madonna fashion brands\nBoy Toy, Inc[436]\nWebo Girl Publishing, Inc (1992)[437]\nMaverick (1992–2004)\nRay of Light Foundation (1998)\nRaising Malawi (2006)\nHard Candy Fitness (2010)\nTruth or Dare by Madonna (2011)\nSee also\nBiography portal\nPop music portal\nUnited States portal\nForbes Celebrity 100\nList of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards\nList of most expensive divorces\nList of organisms named after famous people\nList of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees\nReferences\n^ "Libraries Australia Authorities – Madonna". National Library of Australia. 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"Bray\'s Loyalty To Madonna Pays Off". Chicago Tribune.\n^ Runtagh, Jordan (September 7, 2019). "30 Fascinating Early Bands of Future Music Legends". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 27, 2021.\n^ Cihak, Lennon (April 27, 2020). "Madonna\'s former manager Camille Barbone on filtering out bullsh*t". Lennon Cihak. Retrieved April 28, 2021.\n^\na b Ganz, Caryn (2004). "Biography – Madonna". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 15, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2008.\n^ Fiorillo, Victor (April 10, 2016). "Facebook Flame Wars, Legal Action, and "Death Threats": Dancin\' on Air\'s Family Feud Boils Over". Philadelphia Magazine.\n^ Bickford, Malina (September 8, 2014). ""It Was a Beautiful Thing:" Danceteria and the Birth of Madonna". Vice. Retrieved April 27, 2021.\n^ Thompson, Douglas (July 1992). Madonna Revealed: The Unauthorized Biography. Leisure Books. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-8439-3319-2.\n^ Orzeck, Kurt (September 23, 2007). 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Retrieved March 11, 2016.\n^ Parke, Caleb (June 21, 2019). "Madonna wants the Pope to know that Jesus supports abortion". Fox News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021.\n^ Friskics-Warren 2006, p. 72\n^ "Madonna shares what motherhood taught her". TODAY.com.\n^ "Madonna tells Andrew Denton about her bizarre eye patch". June 18, 2019 – via thenewdaily.com.au.\n^ Sears, Stephen (March 4, 2013). "Madonna\'s \'Ray Of Light\' Turns 15: Backtracking". Idolator. Retrieved January 29, 2014.\n^ Grant 2005, p. 3\n^ Harrison 2017, p. 213\n^\na b Fouz-Hernández & Jarman-Ivens 2004, pp. 55–58\n^\na b c "Madonna > Credits". AllMusic. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2014.\n^ Taraborrelli 2002, p. 85\n^ Hawkins 2017, p. 59\n^ "Stuart Price interview". Popjustice. November 16, 2005. Archived from the original on November 5, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2016.\n^ "Madonna: \'I\'m not a control freak\'". NME. March 17, 2012. Retrieved January 18, 2020.\n^ Michael 2004, p. 106\n^\na b Baron, Bruce (July 2, 1999). "Madonna – From Genesis to Revelations". Goldmine. Vol. 25 no. 494. ISSN 1055-2685.\n^ Zollo 2003, p. 616\n^ "ACE Repertory: Madonna L. Ciccone". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved November 11, 2017.\n^ "Madonna: Album Guide". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on July 5, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2012.\n^\na b "The 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on August 13, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2016.\n^ Walters, Barry (February 22, 2018). "Madonna\'s \'Ray of Light\': 6 Things You Didn\'t Know". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 18, 2020.\n^ LLC, SPIN Media (April 19, 1995). "SPIN". SPIN Media LLC – via Google Books.\n^ Nilles, Billy (August 16, 2020). "60 Crazy Facts About Madonna You Probably Didn\'t Know". E! Online. Retrieved January 18, 2020.\n^\na b Taraborrelli 2002, p. 122\n^\na b Lamsweerde, Inez van; Walters, Barry (April 1998). "Madonna Chooses Dare". Spin. 14 (4): 70–76. ISSN 0886-3032. Retrieved February 26, 2010.\n^\na b Bennett & Waksman 2014, p. 568\n^ Levine, Nick (June 14, 2019). "The Guide to Getting Into Madonna, Holy Mother of Modern Pop". Vice. Retrieved January 18, 2020.\n^\na b Sclafani, Tony (March 7, 2008). "Madonna: A true blue rock star". MSNBC. Archived from the original on March 10, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2011.\n^ Rooksby 2004, p. 4\n^ "Madonna – Madonna > Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved March 22, 2014.\n^ Kaplan, Arie (January 1, 2017). American Pop: Hit Makers, Superstars, and Dance Revolutionaries. Millbrook Press. ISBN 9781512456493 – via Google Books.\n^ "Madonna\'s 50 Greatest Songs". Rolling Stone. July 27, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2017.\n^ Inskeep, Thomas (November 21, 2005). "Madonna – Confessions on a Dance Floor". Stylus Magazine. Archived from the original on October 10, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2011.\n^ Taraborrelli 2002, pp. 301\n^ O\'Brien 2007, p. 207\n^ "All 82 Madonna Singles Ranked". Slant Magazine. April 14, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.\n^ O\'Brien 2007, p. 307\n^ Cinquemani, Sal (July 11, 2008). "Madonna: American Life". Slant Magazine. Retrieved August 11, 2011.\n^ Juzwiak, Rich (June 18, 2019). "Madonna: Madame X Album Review". Pitchfork. Retrieved January 7, 2020.\n^ "That Time Monte Pittman Taught Madonna a Pantera Riff". Decibel. January 20, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2016.\n^ Dean 2003, p. 34\n^ Johnston, Maura (August 16, 2017). "Madonna: Like a Prayer". Pitchfork. Retrieved November 19, 2017.\n^\na b Fouz-Hernández & Jarman-Ivens 2004, pp. 59–61\n^ Bego 2000, p. 122\n^ Gnojewski 2007, p. 57\n^ Madonna (1997). Pre-Madonna (CD, VHS). Soultone. 83332-2.\n^ Kuklenski, Valerie (November 1, 1999). "\'Slashmeister\' Craven tackles different genre with \'Music\'". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved March 22, 2014.\n^ Crane, Kelly (June 3, 2012). "Monte Pittman reveals what it\'s like on tour with Madonna". Gulf News. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2014.\n^ Goodman, Abbey (February 15, 2002). "Madonna: The Next Guitar God?". MTV News. Retrieved March 14, 2014.\n^\na b c Metz & Benson 1999, p. 161\n^ Taylor 1993, p. 191\n^ Morton 2002, p. 20\n^ Landrum 2007, p. 258\n^ "The 100 Greatest Music Video Artists of All Time: Staff List". Billboard. August 27, 2020. Archived from the original on August 27, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2020.\n^ Metz & Benson 1999, p. 163\n^ Fouz-Hernández & Jarman-Ivens 2004, p. 145\n^ Kellner 1995, p. 271\n^ Clerk 2002, p. 44\n^ Rettenmund 1995, p. 34\n^ Welton 1998, p. 234\n^ Cross 2007, p. 70\n^ Morton 2002, p. 293\n^ M. Smith, Nigel (August 21, 2016). "Is Madonna\'s acting really that bad? A career retrospective lets you be the judge". The Guardian. Retrieved August 25, 2016.\n^ Metz & Benson 1999, p. 290\n^ Diamond 1996, p. 202\n^ Taraborrelli 2002, p. 90\n^ Nelson, Chris (February 1, 2004). "Lip-Synching Gets Real". The New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2010.\n^ Christensen, Thor (September 15, 2001). "Loose Lips: Pop Singers\' Lip-Syncing In Concert Is An Open Secret". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. B.8. ISSN 1068-624X. Retrieved August 4, 2018.\n^ Harada, Kai (September 1, 2007). "Kai Harada, sound designer and sound handbook author, writes about \'The Feeding and Care of RF Microphones\'". Harada-Sound.com. Retrieved March 17, 2010.\n^ Castle, Andrew (July 2, 2007). "Wimbledon\'s No 1 seat". The Independent. London. Retrieved March 17, 2010.\n^ Ross, Martha (May 12, 2017). "Madonna should look to Mark Zuckerberg for reasons that a critical biopic can be a good thing". The Mercury News. Retrieved July 1, 2018.\n^ Evans, James (March 22, 2013). "10 Things You Never Knew About... Madonna". Clash. Retrieved June 27, 2018.\n^ Scaggs, Austin (October 22, 2009). "Madonna Looks Back: The Rolling Stone Interview". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 27, 2018.\n^ Kellner 1995, p. 263\n^ Kaye, Ben (April 10, 2012). "MDNA in the time of MDMA: The End of Madonna\'s Reign?". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved August 15, 2014.\n^ Graham, Mark (February 13, 2012). "VH1\'s 100 Greatest Women in Music". VH1. Viacom. Retrieved February 14, 2012.\n^ "Pop\'s 20 greatest female artists". The Daily Telegraph. August 7, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2017.\n^ Aguilar Guzmán 2010, pp. 88\n^ "Mujeres que cambiaron las reglas del rock". Rolling Stone Spain (in Spanish). April 14, 2012. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013.\n^ Langley, William (August 9, 2008). "Madonna, mistress of metamorphosis". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved April 6, 2013.\n^ Hall 2006, p. 446\n^ Gracie, Bianca (December 4, 2020). "The Most Influential Artists: #3 Madonna". Spin. Archived from the original on December 20, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2021.\n^ Sclafani, Tony (August 12, 2008). "At 50, has Madonna surpassed the Beatles?". MSNBC. NBCUniversal. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2012.\n^ Gormly, Kellie B. (November 1, 2012). "Flamboyant Divas Can Thank Madonna". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2012.\n^ India, Press Trust of (September 1, 2017). "Madonna inspired Liam Gallagher to become a musician". Business Standard. Retrieved September 1, 2017.\n^ "Remembering Our Time with Chester Bennington". Elvis Duran and the Morning Show. February 21, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.\n^ Fouz-Hernández & Jarman-Ivens 2004, p. 168\n^ Chapman, Roger (2010). Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices, Volume 1. M.E. Sharpe. p. 333.\n^ Fouz-Hernández & Jarman-Ivens 2004, p. 162\n^ Fiske 1989, p. 102\n^ Buikema & van der Tuin 2009, p. 119\n^ Jeffreys 2005, p. 96\n^ Jhally 2006, p. 194\n^ Kramarae & Spender 2000, p. 459\n^ Gorlinski 2010, p. 330\n^ Johnston, Ian (September 23, 2004). "Get a head for business, tune into Madonna". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2010.\n^ Anderson, Jamie; Kupp, Martin (January 18, 2007). "Case Study: Madonna". The Times. News Corp. Retrieved August 3, 2009.\n^ Morton 2002, p. 89\n^ "Madonna gets first Wembley honour". BBC News (BBC). August 2, 2006. Retrieved December 7, 2010.\n^ Lane, Dan (March 29, 2012). "Madonna\'s Top 40 most downloaded tracks revealed!". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 27, 2013.\n^ Egan, Barry (January 3, 2010). "U2 strike a chord in the best albums from 2009". The Independent. Independent News & Media. Retrieved July 23, 2010.\n^ "Best-Selling Female Recording Artist of All Time". Guinness World Records. Jim Pattison Group. Retrieved October 3, 2014.\n^ "Top Selling Artists". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved June 9, 2008.\n^ "The American Recording Industry Announces Its Artists of the Century". Recording Industry Association of America. November 10, 1999. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2008.\n^ Grein, Paul (April 24, 2017). "Barbra Streisand and the Other 19 Top-Selling Female Recording Artists of All Time". Yahoo! Music. Archived from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.\n^ "From Paul McCartney to Madonna, the BPI\'s iconic Platinum, Gold and Silver Certified Awards have long been presented to music artists to celebrate major record sales milestones". British Phonographic Industry. 2013. Archived from the original on April 23, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2020.\n^ Bicks, Emily (May 1, 2019). "Madonna\'s Net Worth: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know". Heavy. Retrieved December 24, 2020.\n^ "Madonna Concert Draws 120,000". The Buffalo News. November 8, 1993. Archived from the original on November 29, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2017.\n^ "Madonna". Grammy Award. Archived from the original on November 17, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2018.\n^ "Who has won the most MTV Video Music Awards?". Vibe. Vol. 16 no. 2. March 2008. p. 58. ISSN 1070-4701.\n^ "Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Artists Chart". Billboard. Retrieved March 20, 2020.\n^ Murray, Gordon (November 30, 2016). "Greatest of All Time: Madonna Is Billboard\'s No. 1 Dance Club Songs Artist". Billboard. Retrieved December 1, 2016.\n^ "Women With the Most Billboard Hot 100 Top 10s". Billboard. November 16, 2016. Archived from the original on May 20, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2020.\n^ Savage, Mark (July 28, 2020). "Drake overtakes Madonna and The Beatles to break US Billboard chart record". BBC. Retrieved December 24, 2020.\n^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia’s Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 174.\n^ "Madonna – Canada Top Singles". RPM. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. Retrieved October 8, 2009.\n^ "Madonna – Canadian Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved September 26, 2019.\n^ Spinetoli, John Joseph (January 2000). Artisti In Classifica Singoli: 1960-1999. Milan: Musica e dischi. pp. 217–222.\n^ "Madonna Discography: Italy". Italiancharts.com at Hung Medien. Retrieved December 2, 2009.\n^ "Search the charts: Madonna". Irishcharts.ie at Hung Medien. Retrieved December 27, 2020.\n^ "Madonna at Finnish Charts". Finnishcharts.com at Hung Medien. Archived from the original on December 28, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2020.\n^ Salaverri 2005.\n^ "Madonna discography". Productores de Música de España Spanishcharts.com at Hung Medien. Retrieved November 14, 2010.\n^ Myers, Justin (January 3, 2020). "Artists with the most Number 1 singles on the UK chart". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 22, 2020.\n^ Spahr, Wolfgang (August 28, 2017). "Germany\'s Music Charts Turn 40: Facts and Milestones in the 4th Biggest Music Market". Billboard. Retrieved August 28, 2017.\n^ "Madonna, Nike in endorsement battle". The Hollywood Reporter. 1990. p. 127. Retrieved February 19, 2020.\n^ Taraborrelli 2002, p. 241\nBook sources\nSee also: Bibliography of works on Madonna\nAguilar Guzmán, Marcela (2010). Domadores de historias. Conversaciones con grandes cronistas de América Latina (in Spanish). RIL Editores. ISBN 978-956-284-782-7.\nBego, Mark (2000). Madonna: Blonde Ambition. Cooper Square Press. ISBN 978-0-8154-1051-5.\nBennett, Andy; Waksman, Steve (2014). The SAGE Handbook of Popular Music. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781473914407.\nBohem, David A. (1990). Guinness World Records 1990. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8069-5791-3.\nBronson, Fred (2002). The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits. Billboard books. ISBN 978-0-8230-7677-2.\nBrackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (2004). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-0169-8.\nBuikema, Rosemarie; van der Tuin, Iris (2009). Doing Gender in Media, Art and Culture. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780203876800.\nClaro, Nicole (1994). Madonna. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7910-2330-3.\nClerk, Carol (2002). Madonnastyle. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-8874-3.\nCross, Mary (2007). Madonna: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33811-3.\nDean, Maury (2003). Rock \'n\' Roll Gold Rush: A Singles Un-Cyclopedia. Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87586-207-1.\nDiamond, Elin (1996). Performance and Cultural Politics. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-12767-7.\nErlewine, Stephen Thomas; Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris (2002). AllMusic Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 1399. ISBN 978-0-87930-653-3.\nJeffreys, Sheila (2005). Beauty and Misogyny: Harmful Cultural Practices In The West. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35183-6.\nFiske, John (1989). Reading the popular. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07875-7.\nFouz-Hernández, Santiago; Jarman-Ivens, Freya (2004). Madonna\'s Drowned Worlds. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-3372-3.\nFriskics-Warren, Bill (2006). I\'ll Take You There: Pop Music and the Urge for Transcendence. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-1921-7.\nGeorge-Warren, Holly; Romanowski, Patricia; Pareles, Jon, eds. (2001). The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll. Fireside. ISBN 978-0-7432-0120-9.\nGlenday, Craig (1998). Guinness World Records 1998. Jim Pattison Group. ISBN 978-0-85112-070-6.\nGlenday, Craig (2007). Guinness World Records 2007. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-58992-4.\nGnojewski, Carol (2007). Madonna: Express Yourself. Enslow Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7660-2442-7.\nGorlinski, Gini (2010). The 100 Most Influential Musicians of All Time. Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-61530-056-3.\nGrant, Robert M. (2005). Contemporary Strategy Analysis. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-1999-3.\nGuilbert, Georges-Claude (2002). Madonna as Postmodern Myth. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1408-6.\nGuralnick, Peter; Wolk, Douglas (2000). Best Music Writing. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80999-6.\nHall, Dennis (2006). American Icons. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313027676.\nHarrison, Thomas (2017). Pop Goes the Decade: The Eighties. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1440836671.\nHawkins, Stan (2017). Settling the Pop Score: Pop Texts and Identity Politics. Routledge. ISBN 9781351549103.\nHorton, Ros; Simmons, Sally (2007). Women Who Changed the World. Quercus. ISBN 978-1-84724-026-2.\nJhally, Sut (2006). The Spectacle of Accumulation: Essays in Culture, Media, And Politics. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-7904-0.\nKellner, Douglas (1995). Media Culture: Cultural Studies, Identity, and Politics Between the Modern and the Postmodern. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10570-5.\nKramarae, Cheris; Spender, Dale (2000). Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women\'s Issues and Knowledge. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92091-9.\nLandrum, Gene N. (2007). Paranoia & Power: Fear & Fame of Entertainment Icons. Morgan James Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60037-273-5.\nLeonard, George J.; D\'Acierno, Pellegrino (1998). The Italian American Heritage: A Companion to Literature and Arts. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8153-0380-0.\nMcFarlan, Donald (1992). The Guinness Book of Records 1992. ISBN 978-0851123783.\nMetz, Allen; Benson, Carol (1999). The Madonna Companion: Two Decades of Commentary. Music Sales Group. ISBN 978-0-8256-7194-4.\nMorton, Andrew (2002). Madonna. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-0-312-98310-9.\nO\'Brien, Lucy (2007). Madonna: Like an Icon. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-593-05547-2.\nPitts, Michael (2004). Famous Movie Detectives. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-3690-7.\nRettenmund, Matthew (1995). Madonnica: The Woman & The Icon From A To Z. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-11782-5.\nRooksby, Rikky (2004). The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-9883-4.\nMichael, Mick St. (2004). Madonna talking: Madonna in Her Own Words. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-84449-418-7.\nSalaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.\nTaraborrelli, J. Randy (2002). Madonna: An Intimate Biography. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-2880-0.\nTaylor, Mark C. (1993). Nots. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-79131-9.\nTetzlaff, David (1993). Metatextual Girl. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-1396-2.\nVictor, Barbara (2001). Goddess, Inside Madonna. Cliff Street Books. ISBN 978-0-06-019930-2.\nVoller, Debbie (1999). Madonna: The Style Book. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-7511-8.\nWelton, Donn (1998). Body and Flesh: A Philosophical Reader. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-57718-126-2.\nZollo, Paul (2003), Songwriters on Songwriting, Da Capo Press, ISBN 978-0-306-81265-1\nExternal links\nMadonna\nat Wikipedia\'s sister projects\nMedia from Wikimedia Commons\nQuotations from Wikiquote\nData from Wikidata\nOfficial website\nMadonna at AllMovie\nMadonna at AllMusic\nMadonna at Curlie\nMadonna at IMDb\n"Madonna". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.\nMadonna at the TCM Movie Database\nPreceded by\nBranko, Sara Tavares & Mayra Andrade Eurovision Song Contest\nFinal Interval act\n2019 Succeeded by\nTBD\nhide\nvte\nMadonna\nAlbums Singles Songs Unreleased Concerts Videos Films Books Fashion brands Awards Achievements Cultural impact Covers Tribute albums Works on Madonna\nStudio albums\nMadonna Like a Virgin True Blue Like a Prayer Erotica Bedtime Stories Ray of Light Music American Life Confessions on a Dance Floor Hard Candy MDNA Rebel Heart Madame X\nSoundtrack albums\nWho\'s That Girl I\'m Breathless Evita\nLive albums\nI\'m Going to Tell You a Secret The Confessions Tour Sticky & Sweet Tour MDNA World Tour Rebel Heart Tour\nCompilation albums\nYou Can Dance The Immaculate Collection Something to Remember GHV2 Remixed & Revisited Celebration\nLimited releases\nLike a Virgin & Other Big Hits! The Complete Studio Albums (1983–2008)\nVideo releases\nMadonna Madonna Live: The Virgin Tour Ciao Italia: Live from Italy The Immaculate Collection Blond Ambition World Tour Live The Girlie Show: Live Down Under The Video Collection 93:99 Drowned World Tour 2001 I\'m Going to Tell You a Secret The Confessions Tour Celebration: The Video Collection Sticky & Sweet Tour MDNA World Tour Rebel Heart Tour\nConcerts and tours\nThe Virgin Tour Who\'s That Girl World Tour Blond Ambition World Tour The Girlie Show Drowned World Tour Re-Invention World Tour Confessions Tour Sticky & Sweet Tour The MDNA Tour Controversies Rebel Heart Tour Madonna: Tears of a Clown Madame X Tour\nFilms directed\nFilth and Wisdom W.E. secretprojectrevolution\nDocumentaries\nTruth or Dare I\'m Going to Tell You a Secret I Am Because We Are\nTelevision\nMadonna on Late Show with David Letterman in 1994 Super Bowl XLVI halftime show\nBooks\nSex The English Roses Mr. Peabody\'s Apples Yakov and the Seven Thieves The Adventures of Abdi Lotsa de Casha\nCompanies and brands\nMaverick Raising Malawi Hard Candy Fitness Truth or Dare by Madonna\nWorks about Madonna\nA Panel of Experts "Like a Surgeon" Medusa: Dare to Be Truthful "If Madonna Calls" Madonna: An Intimate Biography Madonna "Do It with Madonna" "She\'s Madonna" Madonna: Like an Icon Through the Wilderness Life with My Sister Madonna "The Power of Madonna" Soundtrack Strike a Pose Madonnaland\nRelated articles\nBreakfast Club Pre-Madonna Sean Penn Guy Ritchie Madonna as a gay icon Madonna studies Madonna wannabe Radio 1 Madonna controversy\nCategory\nshow\nvte\nMadonna songs\nshow\nAwards for Madonna\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAuthority control\nBIBSYS: 90704228 BNC: 000750935 BNE: XX893212 BNF: cb138969311 (data) CANTIC: a12355859 CiNii: DA08926621 GND: 118829688 ICCU: IT\\ICCU\\RAVV\\090347 ISNI: 0000 0001 0782 262X LCCN: n84156128 LNB: 000045276 MBA: 79239441-bfd5-4981-a70c-55c3f15c1287 NDL: 00470886 NKC: jn20000720159 NLA: 35697093 NLG: 191242 NLI: 000534752, 002320254 NLK: KAC199639453 NLP: A16472834 NLR: [1] NSK: 000048017 NTA: 072879270 PLWABN: 9810572205905606 RERO: 02-A003548587 RSL: 000006218 SELIBR: 212081 SNAC: w6474sn1 SUDOC: 028039637 Trove: 1046959 VIAF: 59270244 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n84156128', 'num_links': 4233, 'num_images': 38, 'last_edited': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 31, 11, 53)}, {'title': '', 'description': '', 'num_links': '', 'num_images': '', 'last_edited': ''}, {'title': '', 'description': '', 'num_links': '', 'num_images': '', 'last_edited': ''}, {'title': 'John J. B. Wilson', 'description': 'For other uses, see John Wilson.\nJohn J. B. Wilson\nWilson at 29th Golden Raspberry Awards\nBorn May 24, 1954 (age 67)\nChicago, Illinois, U.S.\nOther names John J.B. Wilson, John Wilson, Ye Olde Head Raspberry[1]\nAlma mater University of California, Los Angeles\nOccupation Copywriter, publicist\nKnown for Founder of the Golden Raspberry Awards\nSpouse(s) Barbara Wilson\nChildren 1\nWebsite razzies.com\nJohn J. B. Wilson (born May 24, 1954) is an American copywriter and publicist. He majored in film and television at University of California, Los Angeles, and after graduation worked on film marketing campaigns.\nWilson is the co-founder of the Golden Raspberry Awards (also known as the Razzies) along with Mo Murphy, an annual ceremony dedicated to "honoring" the worst in film. In 1981, while hosting a potluck dinner at his house on the night of the Academy Awards, Wilson invited his friends to give impromptu award presentations in his living room. The following year, Los Angeles Daily News covered the event, the 1st Golden Raspberry Awards, and from behind a cardboard podium Wilson announced the Village People feature film Can\'t Stop the Music as the first Razzie Award for Worst Picture. Attendance doubled at Razzie award ceremonies in the following years, and by the 4th Golden Raspberry Awards the event received coverage from CNN and two major news wires. Wilson has retained an active role in the awards, and is referred to as the "Head Razzberry". His book The Official Razzie Movie Guide was published in 2005 for the 25th anniversary of the Razzie Awards.\nContents\n1 Early life and family\n2 Golden Raspberry Awards\n3 Works\n4 See also\n5 References\n5.1 Sources\n6 External links\nEarly life and family[edit]\nWilson grew up in Chicago, Illinois, and moved with his parents to Santa Monica, California, at age 9.[2] Wilson claims that his parents were raised during the Great Depression and "movies meant a lot to them." Wilson also stated that he acquired a "real sense of the value of movies and an appreciation of them" from his parents[3] At a young age he would skip school in order to watch the Academy Awards from the bleachers.[2] He attended University of California, Los Angeles, majoring in film and television.[2] While attending college, he managed the Fox Theater, Westwood Village.[2] After graduating UCLA, Wilson obtained a position working on marketing campaigns for movies and as a copywriter for a sponsor of the Los Angeles Film Festival, and watched over 200 movies per year in this capacity.[2][4] In 2005, Wilson stated that he still worked in film marketing,[2] and also worked on film trailers.[5] His marketing work has included publicity for the Academy Awards: "When they found out that I did the Razzies, they looked at me like I was a spy," said Wilson to The Blade.[6]\nAs of 2005, Wilson lives in Cerritos, California with his wife Barbara. They have one son.[2]\nGolden Raspberry Awards[edit]\nWilson traditionally held pot luck dinner parties at his house in Los Angeles on the night of the Academy Awards.[7] In 1981, after the 53rd Academy Awards had completed for the evening, Wilson invited friends to give random award presentations in his living room.[2][7] The impromptu ceremony was a success, and the following week a press release about his event released by Wilson was picked up by a few local newspapers, including a mention in the Los Angeles Daily News with the headline: "Take These Envelopes, Please".[2][4][7] Wilson decided to formalize the event, after watching a double feature of Can\'t Stop the Music and Xanadu.[8] He gathered his friends for a pot luck dinner to watch the 53rd Academy Awards, and gave them ballots to vote on worst in film.[8] Wilson stood at a podium made of cardboard in a tacky tuxedo, with a foam ball attached to a broomstick as a fake microphone, and announced Can\'t Stop the Music as the first Razzie Award for Worst Picture.[4][8]\nJohn Wilson at 28th Golden Raspberry Awards (2008)\nThe term raspberry is used in its irreverent sense, as in "blowing a raspberry".[9] Wilson commented to the author of Blame It on the Dog: "When I registered the term with the Library of Congress in 1980, they asked me, \'Why raspberry? What\'s the significance of that?\' But since then, razz has pretty much permeated the culture. We couldn\'t have done it without Hollywood\'s help."[9] Wilson is referred to as "Ye Olde Head Razzberry".[10] The ceremony\'s program is modeled after the Academy Awards, but is "deliberately low-end and tacky".[7] The awards themselves typically cost US$4.79 each, in the form of a "golfball-sized raspberry" which sits atop a Super 8 mm film reel; the whole of which is spray-painted gold.[9][11][12]\nApproximately three dozen people came to the 1st Golden Raspberry Awards.[4] The 2nd Golden Raspberry Awards had double the attendance as the first, and the 3rd awards ceremony had double this number.[4] By the 4th Golden Raspberry Awards ceremony, CNN and two major wire services covered the event.[7] Wilson realized that by scheduling the Golden Raspberry Awards prior to the Academy Awards, the ceremony would get more press coverage: "We finally figured out you couldn\'t compete with the Oscars on Oscar night, but if you went the night before, when the press from all over the world are here and they are looking for something to do, it could well catch on," he said to BBC News.[7]\nWilson\'s book The Official Razzie Movie Guide was published in 2005 to mark the 25th anniversary of the awards;[13] he had previously authored Everything I Know I Learned at the Movies in 1996.[14] In addition to Razzie winners, The Official Razzie Movie Guide also includes Wilson\'s "100 favorites among the Worst Movies Ever Made".[13]\nWorks[edit]\nWilson, John J. B. (1996). Everything I Know I Learned at the Movies: A Compilation of Cliches and Un-Truisms Gleaned from a Lifetime Spent Entirely Too Much in the Dark. General Publishing Group, Incorporated. ISBN 1-881649-64-4.\nWilson, John (2005). The Official Razzie Movie Guide: Enjoying the Best of Hollywood\'s Worst. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 0-446-69334-0.\nSee also[edit]\n1st Golden Raspberry Awards\nGolden Raspberry Award\nReferences[edit]\n^ Crouse, Richard (2005). Reel Winners: Movie Award Trivia. Dundurn Press Ltd. pp. 103, 208. ISBN 1-55002-574-0.\n^\na b c d e f g h i Larsen, Peter (January 20, 2005). "The Morning Read – So bad, they\'re almost good – A love of movies lies behind the Razzies". The Orange County Register. p. 1.\n^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6392701.stm\n^\na b c d e Marder, Jenny (February 26, 2005). "Razzin\' The Dregs of Hollywood Dreck – Film: Cerritos\' John Wilson Marks His Golden Raspberry Awards\' 25th Year With A Guide To Cinematic Slumming". Long Beach Press-Telegram. p. A1.\n^ English 2005, p. 101\n^ Borrelli, Christopher (February 23, 2005). "The Golden Raspberries: 25 years of the worst movies". The Blade. p. D1.\n^\na b c d e f Lindrea, Victoria (February 25, 2007). "Blowing raspberries at Tinseltown". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved May 4, 2009.\n^\na b c Germain, David (Associated Press) (February 26, 2005). "25 Years of Razzing Hollywood\'s Stinkers". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Sun-Sentinel Company. p. 7D.\n^\na b c Dawson 2006, pp. 48–50\n^ Crouse 2005, p. 208\n^ Agence France-Presse staff (February 22, 2009). "\'Love Guru\', Paris Hilton are top of the flops". Agence France-Presse.\n^ Crouse 2005, p. 103\n^\na b Steelman, Ben (January 20, 2005). "Ben on Film – All that razz: Getting ready for the Razzies, the \'awards\' that celebrate the worst films, and actors, of the year". Wilmington Star-News. p. 22.\n^ Wilson, John J. B. (1996). Everything I Know I Learned at the Movies: A Compilation of Cliches and Un-Truisms Gleaned from a Lifetime Spent Entirely Too Much in the Dark. General Publishing Group, Incorporated. ISBN 1-881649-64-4.\nSources[edit]\nCrouse, Richard (2005). Reel Winners: Movie Award Trivia. Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 208. ISBN 1-55002-574-0.\nDawson, Jim (2006). Blame it on the dog: a modern history of the fart. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 1-58008-751-5.\nEnglish, James F. (2005). The economy of prestige: prizes, awards, and the circulation of cultural value. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01884-2.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to John J.B. Wilson.\nJohn J. B. Wilson at IMDb\nhide\nvte\nGolden Raspberry Awards\nHistory\nJohn J. B. Wilson The Official Razzie Movie Guide List of people who have accepted Golden Raspberry Awards\nCurrent awards\nWorst Picture Worst Director Worst Actor Worst Actress Worst Supporting Actor Worst Supporting Actress Worst Screenplay Worst Screen Combo Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel The Razzie Redeemer Award\nRetired awards\nWorst Musical Score Worst Original Song Worst New Star\nAward\nceremonies\n1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nCategory\nFilm portal\nAuthority control\nISNI: 0000 0000 7973 9860 LCCN: n2004031424 VIAF: 41229811 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n2004031424', 'num_links': 335, 'num_images': 8, 'last_edited': datetime.datetime(2021, 2, 1, 12, 41)}, {'title': 'Publicist', 'description': 'hide\nThis article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)\nThis article needs additional citations for verification.\n(August 2009)\nThe examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (March 2019)\nA publicist is a person whose job is to generate and manage publicity for a company, a brand, or public figure – especially a celebrity – or for a work such as a book, film, or album. Publicists are public relations specialists who have the role to maintain and represent the images of individuals, rather than representing an entire corporation or business.[1] Publicists are also hired by public figures who want to maintain or protect their image.[1] Publicists brand their clients by getting magazine, TV, newspaper, and website coverage. Most top-level publicists work in private practice, handling multiple clients.\nThe term publicist was coined by the legal scholar Francis Lieber to describe the public-like role of internationalists[clarification needed] during the late nineteenth century.[2] Publicists are sometimes called flacks which traces back to Gene Flack, who was a well-known movie publicist in the 1930s.[1]\nContents\n1 Description\n2 Types of publicists\n3 Role of publicists\n4 Skills used\n5 Publicists in the Hollywood industry\n6 Salary\n6.1 Salaries for corporate PR specialists by experience\n7 See also\n8 References\nDescription[edit]\nIn the world of celebrities, unlike agents or managers, publicists typically take a monthly fee for serving a client (whereas agents and managers tend to take a percentage of their client\'s gross income). Publicists can be on a local, regional or national level. For example, a small restaurant seeking only local publicity would want a local publicist – whereas an author seeking nationwide visibility would want to search for a national publicist.\nOne of the publicist\'s main functions is to generate press coverage on behalf of their clients and serve as the bridge between clients, their public and media outlets. A publicist manages campaigns and performs other public relations functions. It usually takes many years to develop the media contacts, experience and relationships necessary to be an effective publicist.\nSome publicists specialize in representing ordinary members of the public to procure the maximum possible fee for stories they wish to sell to newspapers, television stations and magazines. A number have now sprung up on the internet and work as media agents gaining members of the public multiple deals with publications.\nAn older meaning of the term is closer to pamphleteer: someone who circulates ideas by publishing them, perhaps in ephemeral forms. This term is still in use in some countries, such as Israel.\nTypes of publicists[edit]\nPress representative\nPublic relations publicist – manages the public image of a client or a work of art such as a film.\nSpecial publicity consultant\nUnit publicist – The unit publicist brings attention to the production phase of making a film or other work of art by organizing media kits, sending out press releases, and arranging media visits to the production.\nMedia agent – liaises between the ordinary person (interviewee) and publications or TV to \'sell\' their story.\nRole of publicists[edit]\nThe main role of publicists is to get good press coverage for their clients. One way that publicists can do this is by sending press releases to journalists. A press release is written like a news story; including a headline, and attention grabbing quotes. However, because of the high traffic of e-mails, today, many press releases sent by publicists are lost within the other e-mails that journalists receive.[1]\nPublicists tend to have good working relationships with journalists, TV news producers, and producers. In order to have these relationships, publicists usually network with these media professionals.[1] To protect a client\'s image, publicists will often ask journalists what questions will be asked during interviews to prevent any surprises and discussion of any unwanted topics.[1]\nPublicists determine how to manage a person\'s or brand\'s image by what is being said about them in the media.[3] This pertains to websites and social media.[3] More recently, publicists have the need to network with bloggers and scope out their websites to make sure the content on their client is appropriate.[1] Celebrity publicists usually schedule their client\'s press tours, which includes everything from making the travel arrangements and locations.[1]\nA typical day for a publicist consists of being on the phone, networking through e-mails, and can make themselves available at all times of the day for when conflict arises.[1] Out of the office, publicists go to gatherings to network with media professionals.[1]\nSkills used[edit]\nPublicists are usually skilled writers, as well as motivated to promote individuals.[4] Furthermore, publicists need to be able to handle the stress associated with crisis. For example, if a client is arrested for a DUI, they need to release press coverage with details explaining how the client will resolve the situation.[1] In terms of education, publicists will often major in communications, journalism, or public relations in college.[1] When starting out as a publicist, one will have to work their way up in regards to position. Usually, it is helpful that aspiring publicists intern at a public relations firm while at college to gain experience.[1] Schools that offer communication and public relations degrees consist of Ashford University, Colorado Technical University, Seton Hall University, American University, and the University of Florida.[5]\nPublicists in the Hollywood industry[edit]\nHollywood publicists create and manage relationships between film stars and the array of other media channels through which the identities of stars are circulated. Stars have a dual relationship with publicity, for they publicize films but also, and importantly in the freelance market, have an interest in self publicity. It is for the latter reason that while many stars continue to regard managers as an optional luxury, today the majority of stars in Hollywood hire publicists to manage their media visibility. In other words, celebrities hire publicists who will be able to get their name out to the public preferably in a positive light.\nCompared to channels of paid advertising, publicity generates exposure which is relatively "free". Publicity is at work whenever stars make personal appearances at press conferences or film premieres, give television interviews, are displayed on magazine covers, or allow the press to cover a private event. Independent publicists include Hollywood stars and studios as their clients, alongside corporations and individuals from the worlds of entertainment, sports, finance, technology, retailing, and other business sectors.[6]\nThe role of a publicist in Hollywood has changed and has become more challenging in recent years. With the enormous increase of entertainment news outlets such as Perez Hilton, TMZ, and Page Six, it has become much more difficult for publicists to control negative stories. Publicists must also work much harder to keep some of their star clients relevant in the media with the entertainment options in Hollywood continuously growing. Even booking a star for an interview or on a television talk show has become a challenging task, because if something goes awry, the publicist and the star could both be highly criticized by the media.[7]\nSalary[edit]\nThe average salary for a publicist in the United States is about $45,000 per year.[8] However, celebrity publicists\' salaries can vary depending on the clientele they cater to.[5]\nSalaries for corporate PR specialists by experience[edit]\nEntry level (0–5 years): $29,029–57,737[3]\nMid-career (5–10 years): $35,818–76,758[3]\nExperienced (10–20 years): $35,372–96,507[3]\nLate career (20 years+): $34,786–154,954[3]\nSee also[edit]\nPress agent\nPromotion (marketing)\nReferences[edit]\n^\na b c d e f g h i j k l m "How Publicists Work". 2008-09-05.\n^ Samson, Steven Alan. "Francis Lieber on the Sources of Civil Liberty". 9(2) Humanitas (1996). Retrieved 12 May 2011.\n^\na b c d e f Vernon), Pavlik, John V. (John (2016-01-11). Converging media : a new introduction to mass communication. McIntosh, Shawn (Fifth ed.). New York. ISBN 9780190271510. OCLC 914136954.\n^ "Learn About Publicists and How What Relationship They Have with Press". The Balance. Retrieved 2018-03-28.\n^\na b "Celebrity Publicist: Salary and Career Facts". Retrieved 2018-03-28.\n^ McDonald, Paul; Wasko, Janet (2008). "The Star System: The Production of Hollywood Stardom In The Post-Studio Era". The Contemporary Hollywood Film Industry. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 173–175.\n^ Siegel, Tatiana (2010) "PR: the first line of defense?", Variety. 420(1). 1–25\n^ "Publicist Salary". www.payscale.com. Retrieved 2018-03-28.\nWignall, Alice, The Guardian, 18 August 2008: "Wanted: real-life Shirley Valentines"\nFind out more on\nWikipedia\'s\nSister projects\nMedia\nfrom Commons\nDefinitions\nfrom Wiktionary\nData\nfrom Wikidata', 'num_links': 197, 'num_images': 8, 'last_edited': datetime.datetime(2021, 1, 7, 14, 43)}, {'title': 'John J. B. Wilson', 'description': 'For other uses, see John Wilson.\nJohn J. B. Wilson\nWilson at 29th Golden Raspberry Awards\nBorn May 24, 1954 (age 67)\nChicago, Illinois, U.S.\nOther names John J.B. Wilson, John Wilson, Ye Olde Head Raspberry[1]\nAlma mater University of California, Los Angeles\nOccupation Copywriter, publicist\nKnown for Founder of the Golden Raspberry Awards\nSpouse(s) Barbara Wilson\nChildren 1\nWebsite razzies.com\nJohn J. B. Wilson (born May 24, 1954) is an American copywriter and publicist. He majored in film and television at University of California, Los Angeles, and after graduation worked on film marketing campaigns.\nWilson is the co-founder of the Golden Raspberry Awards (also known as the Razzies) along with Mo Murphy, an annual ceremony dedicated to "honoring" the worst in film. In 1981, while hosting a potluck dinner at his house on the night of the Academy Awards, Wilson invited his friends to give impromptu award presentations in his living room. The following year, Los Angeles Daily News covered the event, the 1st Golden Raspberry Awards, and from behind a cardboard podium Wilson announced the Village People feature film Can\'t Stop the Music as the first Razzie Award for Worst Picture. Attendance doubled at Razzie award ceremonies in the following years, and by the 4th Golden Raspberry Awards the event received coverage from CNN and two major news wires. Wilson has retained an active role in the awards, and is referred to as the "Head Razzberry". His book The Official Razzie Movie Guide was published in 2005 for the 25th anniversary of the Razzie Awards.\nContents\n1 Early life and family\n2 Golden Raspberry Awards\n3 Works\n4 See also\n5 References\n5.1 Sources\n6 External links\nEarly life and family[edit]\nWilson grew up in Chicago, Illinois, and moved with his parents to Santa Monica, California, at age 9.[2] Wilson claims that his parents were raised during the Great Depression and "movies meant a lot to them." Wilson also stated that he acquired a "real sense of the value of movies and an appreciation of them" from his parents[3] At a young age he would skip school in order to watch the Academy Awards from the bleachers.[2] He attended University of California, Los Angeles, majoring in film and television.[2] While attending college, he managed the Fox Theater, Westwood Village.[2] After graduating UCLA, Wilson obtained a position working on marketing campaigns for movies and as a copywriter for a sponsor of the Los Angeles Film Festival, and watched over 200 movies per year in this capacity.[2][4] In 2005, Wilson stated that he still worked in film marketing,[2] and also worked on film trailers.[5] His marketing work has included publicity for the Academy Awards: "When they found out that I did the Razzies, they looked at me like I was a spy," said Wilson to The Blade.[6]\nAs of 2005, Wilson lives in Cerritos, California with his wife Barbara. They have one son.[2]\nGolden Raspberry Awards[edit]\nWilson traditionally held pot luck dinner parties at his house in Los Angeles on the night of the Academy Awards.[7] In 1981, after the 53rd Academy Awards had completed for the evening, Wilson invited friends to give random award presentations in his living room.[2][7] The impromptu ceremony was a success, and the following week a press release about his event released by Wilson was picked up by a few local newspapers, including a mention in the Los Angeles Daily News with the headline: "Take These Envelopes, Please".[2][4][7] Wilson decided to formalize the event, after watching a double feature of Can\'t Stop the Music and Xanadu.[8] He gathered his friends for a pot luck dinner to watch the 53rd Academy Awards, and gave them ballots to vote on worst in film.[8] Wilson stood at a podium made of cardboard in a tacky tuxedo, with a foam ball attached to a broomstick as a fake microphone, and announced Can\'t Stop the Music as the first Razzie Award for Worst Picture.[4][8]\nJohn Wilson at 28th Golden Raspberry Awards (2008)\nThe term raspberry is used in its irreverent sense, as in "blowing a raspberry".[9] Wilson commented to the author of Blame It on the Dog: "When I registered the term with the Library of Congress in 1980, they asked me, \'Why raspberry? What\'s the significance of that?\' But since then, razz has pretty much permeated the culture. We couldn\'t have done it without Hollywood\'s help."[9] Wilson is referred to as "Ye Olde Head Razzberry".[10] The ceremony\'s program is modeled after the Academy Awards, but is "deliberately low-end and tacky".[7] The awards themselves typically cost US$4.79 each, in the form of a "golfball-sized raspberry" which sits atop a Super 8 mm film reel; the whole of which is spray-painted gold.[9][11][12]\nApproximately three dozen people came to the 1st Golden Raspberry Awards.[4] The 2nd Golden Raspberry Awards had double the attendance as the first, and the 3rd awards ceremony had double this number.[4] By the 4th Golden Raspberry Awards ceremony, CNN and two major wire services covered the event.[7] Wilson realized that by scheduling the Golden Raspberry Awards prior to the Academy Awards, the ceremony would get more press coverage: "We finally figured out you couldn\'t compete with the Oscars on Oscar night, but if you went the night before, when the press from all over the world are here and they are looking for something to do, it could well catch on," he said to BBC News.[7]\nWilson\'s book The Official Razzie Movie Guide was published in 2005 to mark the 25th anniversary of the awards;[13] he had previously authored Everything I Know I Learned at the Movies in 1996.[14] In addition to Razzie winners, The Official Razzie Movie Guide also includes Wilson\'s "100 favorites among the Worst Movies Ever Made".[13]\nWorks[edit]\nWilson, John J. B. (1996). Everything I Know I Learned at the Movies: A Compilation of Cliches and Un-Truisms Gleaned from a Lifetime Spent Entirely Too Much in the Dark. General Publishing Group, Incorporated. ISBN 1-881649-64-4.\nWilson, John (2005). The Official Razzie Movie Guide: Enjoying the Best of Hollywood\'s Worst. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 0-446-69334-0.\nSee also[edit]\n1st Golden Raspberry Awards\nGolden Raspberry Award\nReferences[edit]\n^ Crouse, Richard (2005). Reel Winners: Movie Award Trivia. Dundurn Press Ltd. pp. 103, 208. ISBN 1-55002-574-0.\n^\na b c d e f g h i Larsen, Peter (January 20, 2005). "The Morning Read – So bad, they\'re almost good – A love of movies lies behind the Razzies". The Orange County Register. p. 1.\n^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6392701.stm\n^\na b c d e Marder, Jenny (February 26, 2005). "Razzin\' The Dregs of Hollywood Dreck – Film: Cerritos\' John Wilson Marks His Golden Raspberry Awards\' 25th Year With A Guide To Cinematic Slumming". Long Beach Press-Telegram. p. A1.\n^ English 2005, p. 101\n^ Borrelli, Christopher (February 23, 2005). "The Golden Raspberries: 25 years of the worst movies". The Blade. p. D1.\n^\na b c d e f Lindrea, Victoria (February 25, 2007). "Blowing raspberries at Tinseltown". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved May 4, 2009.\n^\na b c Germain, David (Associated Press) (February 26, 2005). "25 Years of Razzing Hollywood\'s Stinkers". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Sun-Sentinel Company. p. 7D.\n^\na b c Dawson 2006, pp. 48–50\n^ Crouse 2005, p. 208\n^ Agence France-Presse staff (February 22, 2009). "\'Love Guru\', Paris Hilton are top of the flops". Agence France-Presse.\n^ Crouse 2005, p. 103\n^\na b Steelman, Ben (January 20, 2005). "Ben on Film – All that razz: Getting ready for the Razzies, the \'awards\' that celebrate the worst films, and actors, of the year". Wilmington Star-News. p. 22.\n^ Wilson, John J. B. (1996). Everything I Know I Learned at the Movies: A Compilation of Cliches and Un-Truisms Gleaned from a Lifetime Spent Entirely Too Much in the Dark. General Publishing Group, Incorporated. ISBN 1-881649-64-4.\nSources[edit]\nCrouse, Richard (2005). Reel Winners: Movie Award Trivia. Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 208. ISBN 1-55002-574-0.\nDawson, Jim (2006). Blame it on the dog: a modern history of the fart. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 1-58008-751-5.\nEnglish, James F. (2005). The economy of prestige: prizes, awards, and the circulation of cultural value. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01884-2.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to John J.B. Wilson.\nJohn J. B. Wilson at IMDb\nhide\nvte\nGolden Raspberry Awards\nHistory\nJohn J. B. Wilson The Official Razzie Movie Guide List of people who have accepted Golden Raspberry Awards\nCurrent awards\nWorst Picture Worst Director Worst Actor Worst Actress Worst Supporting Actor Worst Supporting Actress Worst Screenplay Worst Screen Combo Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel The Razzie Redeemer Award\nRetired awards\nWorst Musical Score Worst Original Song Worst New Star\nAward\nceremonies\n1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nCategory\nFilm portal\nAuthority control\nISNI: 0000 0000 7973 9860 LCCN: n2004031424 VIAF: 41229811 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n2004031424', 'num_links': 334, 'num_images': 8, 'last_edited': datetime.datetime(2021, 2, 1, 12, 41)}, {'title': 'Potluck', 'description': 'For other uses, see Pot luck (disambiguation).\nThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.\nFind sources: "Potluck" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\nAn assortment of different dishes at a church potluck\nA potluck is a communal gathering where each guest or group contributes a different, often homemade, dish of food to be shared.\nOther names for a "potluck" include: potluck dinner, shared lunch, spread, faith supper, carry-in dinner,[1] covered-dish-supper,[2] fuddle, Jacob\'s Join,[3] and fellowship meal.\nContents\n1 Etymology\n2 Description\n3 See also\n4 References\n5 External links\nEtymology[edit]\nWhile there exists some disagreement as to its origin, two principal theories exist: the combination of the English "pot" and "luck," or the North American indigenous communal meal potlatch.\nThe word pot-luck appears in the 16th century English work of Thomas Nashe, and used to mean "food provided for an unexpected or uninvited guest, the luck of the pot."[4] The modern execution of a "communal meal, where guests bring their own food," most likely originated in the 1930s during the Depression.[5]\nDescription[edit]\nPotluck dinners are events where the attendees bring a dish to a meal. Potluck dinners are often organized by religious or community groups, since they simplify the meal planning and distribute the costs among the participants. Smaller, more informal get-togethers with distributed food preparation may also be called potlucks. The only traditional rule is that each dish be large enough to be shared among a good portion (but not necessarily all) of the anticipated guests. In some cases each participant agrees ahead of time to bring a single course, and the result is a multi-course meal. This agreement rectifies the problem of many participants bringing the same dish. Guests may bring in any form of food, ranging from the main course to desserts.\nSee also[edit]\nFood portal\nBuffet\nFree lunch\nHouse concert\nPampa mesa\nReferences[edit]\n^ https://dare.wisc.edu/words/quarterly-updates/quarterly-update-14/carry-in-dinner/\n^ "Definition of COVERED-DISH SUPPER". www.merriam-webster.com.\n^ "World Wide Words: Jacob\'s Join". www.worldwidewords.org.\n^ Nash, Thomas (1870). Strange Newes, of the Intercepting Certaine Letters and a Convoy of Verses ...\n^ Flora, Martin. "Potluck Meal Innovation Due to Depression: Guests Chip in With Part of Dinner", Chicago Tribune, Chicago, 27 January 1933. Retrieved on 5 March 2017.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Potluck.\nLook up potluck in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.\nWhat\'s the origin of "potluck"?\nhide\nvte\nMeals\nCommon meals\nSuhur Breakfast Second breakfast Elevenses Brunch Lunch Merienda Iftar Tea Coffee break Dinner Supper\nComponents\nand courses\nApéritif and digestif Hors d\'oeuvre Amuse-bouche Entrée Main course Side dish Entremets Dessert Savoury Meal replacement Snack\nTable service\nBuffet Conveyor belt sushi Dish Finger food Full course dinner Platter Service à la française Service à la russe Silver service Small plates Table reservation\nPresentation\nAl fresco Dining room Eating utensils Food presentation Garnish Nyotaimori Pièce montée Serving size Table setting Tablecloth Tableware\nDining\nDress code Table manners Eating utensil etiquette Toast Waiting staff\nRegional styles\nAnju Antipasto Cicchetti Banchan / Korean table d\'hôte Bandeja paisa Dastarkhān Dim sum / Yum cha Fika Izakaya / Sakana Kaiseki Meat and three Meze Plate lunch Pu pu platter Rijsttafel Sadhya Smörgåsbord Tapas Thali Tiffin Zakuski\nPacked\nAirline meal Bento Convenience food Dosirak Fast food Instant breakfast Packed lunch Take-out TV dinner\nMenus and\nmeal deals\nÀ la carte Blue-plate special Combination meal Free lunch Free refill Happy hour Kids\' meal School meal Suspended meal Table d\'hôte Tasting menu / Degustation Value meal Value menu\nCommunal meals\nBanquet Barbecue Commercium Communal dining Dining in Mangal Picnic Potluck Sittning State banquet Supra Tableround Tea party\nCatering and\nfood delivery\nOnline food ordering Ghost kitchen Meal delivery service Virtual restaurant\nPlaces to eat\nFood truck Inn Restaurant Street food Tavern Traiteur\nRelated\nCoffee culture Cook Cookbook Cooking Culinary arts Cuisine outline Drink Eating Food Meal preparation Outline of food preparation Tea culture Salumeria\nCategory Commons', 'num_links': 280, 'num_images': 9, 'last_edited': datetime.datetime(2021, 4, 16, 0, 38)}, {'title': 'Academy Awards', 'description': '"Oscars" and "The Oscar" redirect here. For other uses, see Oscar.\nAcademy Awards\nCurrent: 93rd Academy Awards\nThe Academy Award statuette (the "Oscar")\nAwarded for Excellence in the American and International film industry\nCountry United States\nPresented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences\nFirst awarded May 16, 1929; 92 years ago\nWebsite abc.com/shows/oscars\nThe Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars,[1] are awards for artistic and technical merit in the film industry. They are regarded as one of the most significant and prestigious awards in the entertainment industry.[2][3] Given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), the awards are an international recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements, as assessed by the Academy\'s voting membership. The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette as a trophy, officially called the "Academy Award of Merit", although more commonly referred to by its nickname, the "Oscar". The statuette depicts a knight rendered in the Art Deco style.\nThe award was originally sculpted by George Stanley from a design sketch by Cedric Gibbons.[4] AMPAS first presented it in 1929 at a private dinner hosted by Douglas Fairbanks in The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in what would become known as the 1st Academy Awards.[5][6] The Academy Awards ceremony was first broadcast by radio in 1930 and was televised for the first time in 1953. It is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and is now televised live worldwide.[7] It is also the oldest of the four major annual American entertainment awards; its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music – are modeled after the Academy Awards.[8] They are widely cited as the most famous and prestigious competitive awards in the field of entertainment.\nThe 93rd Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2020 and of early 2021, was held on April 25, 2021, (after it was postponed from its original February 28, 2021, schedule due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema). As with the two previous ceremonies, there was no host. The ceremony was broadcast on ABC. It took place at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles, California, for the 19th consecutive year. Additionally, satellite location took place at the Union Station also in Los Angeles.[9] A total of 3,140 Oscar statuettes have been awarded since its inception in 1929.[10]\nMost recent Academy Award winners\n← 2019 Best in films in 2020/2021 2021 →\n Award Best Actor Best Actress\nWinner Anthony Hopkins\n(The Father) Frances McDormand\n(Nomadland)\n Award Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress\nWinner Daniel Kaluuya\n(Judas and the Black Messiah) Youn Yuh-jung\n(Minari)\n Award Best Director Best Original Screenplay\nWinner Chloé Zhao\n(Nomadland) Emerald Fennell\n(Promising Young Woman)\nPrevious Best Picture\nParasite\nBest Picture\nNomadland\nContents\n1 History\n1.1 Milestones\n2 Oscar statuette\n2.1 Academy Award of Merit (Oscar statuette)\n2.2 Naming\n2.3 Engraving\n2.4 Ownership of Oscar statuettes\n2.5 Other awards presented by the Academy\n3 Nomination\n3.1 Voters\n3.2 Rules\n4 Awards ceremonies\n4.1 Telecast\n4.2 TV ratings\n4.3 Archive\n5 Venues\n6 Awards of Merit categories\n6.1 Current categories\n6.2 Discontinued categories\n6.3 Proposed categories\n7 Special categories\n7.1 Current special categories\n7.2 Discontinued special categories\n8 Criticism\n8.1 Accusations of commercialism\n8.2 Accusations of bias\n8.3 Allegations of a lack of diversity\n8.4 Symbolism or sentimentalization\n8.5 Recognition of streaming media film\n8.6 Refusals of the award\n8.7 Disqualifications\n9 Associated events\n10 Presenter and performer gifts\n11 Television ratings and advertisement prices\n12 Trademark\n13 See also\n14 Footnotes\n15 References\n16 Further reading\n17 External links\nHistory[edit]\nThe first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16, 1929, at a private dinner function at The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people.[11]\nThe post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel.[7] The cost of guest tickets for that night\'s ceremony was $5 ($75 at 2020 prices). Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the film-making industry of the time, for their works during the 1927–28 period. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes.\nWinners were announced to media three months earlier. That was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11:00 pm on the night of the awards.[7] This method was used until 1940, when the Los Angeles Times announced the winners before the ceremony began; as a result, the Academy has, since 1941, used a sealed envelope to reveal the names of the winners.[7]\nMilestones[edit]\nThe first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. He had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier; this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. At that time, winners were recognized for the entirety of their work done in a certain category during the qualifying period; for example, Jannings received the award for two movies in which he starred during that period, and Janet Gaynor later won a single Oscar for performances in three films. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, and professionals were honored for a specific performance in a single film. For the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years.[7]\nAt the 29th ceremony, held in 1957, the Best Foreign Language Film category, now known as Best International Feature Film, was introduced. Until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award.\nPerhaps the most widely seen streaker in history was 34-year-old Robert Opel, who streaked across the stage of The Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles flashing a peace sign on national US television at the 46th Academy Awards in 1974. Bemused host David Niven quipped, "Isn\'t it fascinating to think that probably the only laugh that man will ever get in his life is by stripping off and showing his shortcomings?" Later, evidence arose suggesting that Opel\'s appearance was facilitated as a publicity stunt by the show\'s producer Jack Haley Jr. Robert Metzler, the show\'s business manager, believed that the incident had been planned in some way; during the dress rehearsal Niven had asked Metzler\'s wife to borrow a pen so he could write down the famous line, which was thus not the ad-lib it appeared to be.[12]\nThe 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.[13]\nFrom 1973 to 2020, all Academy Awards ceremonies have ended with the Academy Award for Best Picture. For 2021, this tradition was broken as the ceremony ended with the Academy Award for Best Actor.\nTraditionally, the previous year\'s winner for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor present the awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress, while the previous year\'s winner for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress present the awards for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor.\nParasite became the first foreign-language film to win Best Picture at the February 9, 2020, award ceremony.[14]\nTom Hanks announced at the 2020 Oscar Ceremony, the opening of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures on December 14, 2020.[15] The museum development started in 2017 under Kerry Brougher, but is now led by Bill Kramer.[16] The industry curated exhibits will be geared toward the history of motion picture, the art & science of film making, exhibiting trailblazing directors, actors, film makers, sound editors and more, and will house famous artifacts from acclaimed movies like Dorothy\'s Ruby Red Slippers.\nBecause of COVID-19, Academy president David Rubin and CEO Dawn Hudson announced that for the 2021 Oscar Ceremony, streaming movies not shown in theaters would be eligible, though at some point the requirement that movies be shown in theaters would return.[17]\nOscar statuette[edit]\nAcademy Award of Merit (Oscar statuette)[edit]\nSee also: § Awards of Merit categories\nThe best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette.[10] Made of gold-plated bronze on a black metal base, it is 13.5 in (34.3 cm) tall, weighs 8.5 lb (3.856 kg), and depicts a knight rendered in Art Deco style holding a crusader\'s sword standing on a reel of film with five spokes. The five spokes represent the original branches of the Academy: Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers, and Technicians.[18]\nPlaster War-time Oscar plaque (1943), State Central Museum of Cinema, Moscow (ru)\nSculptor George Stanley (who also did the Muse Fountain at the Hollywood Bowl) sculpted Cedric Gibbons\' design. The statuettes presented at the initial ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze. Within a few years, the bronze was abandoned in favor of Britannia metal, a pewter-like alloy which is then plated in copper, nickel silver, and finally, 24-karat gold.[10] Due to a metal shortage during World War II, Oscars were made of painted plaster for three years. Following the war, the Academy invited recipients to redeem the plaster figures for gold-plated metal ones.[19] The only addition to the Oscar since it was created is a minor streamlining of the base. The original Oscar mold was cast in 1928 at the C.W. Shumway & Sons Foundry in Batavia, Illinois, which also contributed to casting the molds for the Vince Lombardi Trophy and Emmy Award\'s statuettes. From 1983 to 2015,[20] approximately 50 Oscars in a tin alloy with gold plating were made each year in Chicago by Illinois manufacturer R.S. Owens & Company.[21] It would take between three and four weeks to manufacture 50 statuettes.[22] In 2016, the Academy returned to bronze as the core metal of the statuettes, handing manufacturing duties to Walden, New York-based Polich Tallix Fine Art Foundry.[23][24] While based on a digital scan of an original 1929 Oscar, the statuettes retain their modern-era dimensions and black pedestal. Cast in liquid bronze from 3D-printed ceramic molds and polished, they are then electroplated in 24-karat gold by Brooklyn, New York–based Epner Technology. The time required to produce 50 such statuettes is roughly three months.[25] R.S. Owens is expected to continue producing other awards for the Academy and service existing Oscars that need replating.[26]\nNaming[edit]\nThe Academy officially adopted the name "Oscar" for the trophies in 1939. However, the origin of the nickname is disputed.[27]\nOne biography of Bette Davis, who was a president of the Academy in 1941, claims she named the award after her first husband, band leader Harmon Oscar Nelson. A frequently mentioned originator is Margaret Herrick, the Academy executive secretary, who, when she first saw the award in 1931, said the statuette reminded her of "Uncle Oscar", a nickname for her cousin Oscar Pierce.[28]\nColumnist Sidney Skolsky, who was present during Herrick\'s naming in 1931, wrote that "Employees have affectionately dubbed their famous statuette \'Oscar.\'"[29] The Academy credits Skolsky with "the first confirmed newspaper reference" to Oscar in his column on March 16, 1934, which was written about that year\'s 6th Academy Awards.[30] The 1934 awards appeared again in another early media mention of Oscar: a Time magazine story.[31] In the ceremonies that year, Walt Disney was the first to thank the Academy for his "Oscar" during his acceptance speech.[32]\nEngraving[edit]\nTo prevent information identifying the Oscar winners from leaking ahead of the ceremony, Oscar statuettes presented at the ceremony have blank baseplates. Until 2010, winners returned their statuettes to the Academy and had to wait several weeks to have their names inscribed on their respective Oscars. Since 2010, winners have had the option of having engraved nameplates applied to their statuettes at an inscription-processing station at the Governor\'s Ball, a party held immediately after the Oscar ceremony. The R.S. Owens company has engraved nameplates made before the ceremony, bearing the name of every potential winner. The nameplates for the non-winning nominees are later recycled.[33][34]\nOwnership of Oscar statuettes[edit]\nPrior to 1950 Oscar statuettes were (and remain) the property of the recipient.[35] Since then the statuettes have been legally encumbered by the requirement that the statuette be first offered for sale back to the Academy for US$1. If a winner refuses to agree to this stipulation, then the Academy keeps the statuette. Academy Awards predating this agreement have been sold in public auctions and private deals for six-figure sums.[36]\nIn 1989 Michael Todd\'s grandson tried to sell Todd\'s Best Picture Oscar for his 1956 production of Around the World in 80 Days to a movie prop collector. The Academy earned enforcement of its statuette contract by gaining a permanent injunction against the sale.\nIn 1992, Harold Russell consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for The Best Years of Our Lives to auction in order to raise money for his wife\'s medical expenses. Though his decision caused controversy, the first-ever Oscar to be sold passed to a private collector on August 6, 1992 for $60,500 ($111,600 today). Russell defended his action, saying, "I don\'t know why anybody would be critical. My wife\'s health is much more important than sentimental reasons. The movie will be here, even if Oscar isn\'t." .[37]\nIn December 2011, Orson Welles\' 1941 Oscar for Citizen Kane (Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay) was put up for auction, after his heirs won a 2004 court decision contending that Welles did not sign any agreement to return the statue to the Academy.[38] On December 20, 2011, it sold in an online auction for US$861,542 ($991,200 today).[39]\nSome buyers have subsequently returned the statuettes to the Academy, which keeps them in its treasury.[36]\nOther awards presented by the Academy[edit]\nSee also: § Special categories\nIn addition to the Academy Award of Merit (Oscar award), there are nine honorary (non-competitive) awards presented by the Academy from time to time (except for the Academy Honorary Award, the Technical Achievement Award, and the Student Academy Awards, which are presented annually):[40]\nGovernors Awards:\nThe Academy Honorary Award (annual) (which may or may not be in the form of an Oscar statuette);\nThe Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award (since 1938) (in the form of a bust of Thalberg);\nThe Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award (since 1957) (in the form of an Oscar statuette);\nThe Academy Scientific and Technical Awards:\nAcademy Award of Merit (non-competitive) (in the form of an Oscar statuette);\nScientific and Engineering Award (in the form of a bronze tablet);\nTechnical Achievement Award (annual) (in the form of a certificate);\nThe John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation (since 1978) (in the form of a medal);\nThe Gordon E. Sawyer Award (since 1982); and\nThe Academy Student Academy Awards (annual).\nThe Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting.\nNomination[edit]\nSince 2004, Academy Award nomination results have been announced to the public in mid-January. Prior to that, the results were announced in early February. In 2021, the nominees are announced in March.\nVoters[edit]\nThe Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), a professional honorary organization, maintains a voting membership of over 7,000 as of 2018.[41]\nAcademy membership is divided into different branches, with each representing a different discipline in film production. Actors constitute the largest voting bloc, numbering 1,311 members (22 percent) of the Academy\'s composition. Votes have been certified by the auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers (and its predecessor Price Waterhouse) since the 7th Academy Awards in 1935. The firm mails the ballots of eligible nominees to members of the Academy in December to reflect the previous eligible year with a due date sometime in January of the next year, then tabulates the votes in a process that takes thousands of hours.[42][43][44]\nAll AMPAS members must be invited to join by the Board of Governors, on behalf of Academy Branch Executive Committees. Membership eligibility may be achieved by a competitive nomination or a member may submit a name based on other significant contributions to the field of motion pictures.\nNew membership proposals are considered annually. The Academy does not publicly disclose its membership, although as recently as 2007 press releases have announced the names of those who have been invited to join. The 2007 release also stated that it has just under 6,000 voting members. While the membership had been growing, stricter policies have kept its size steady since then.[45]\nIn 2012, the results of a study conducted by the Los Angeles Times were published describing the demographic breakdown of approximately 88% of AMPAS\' voting membership. Of the 5,100+ active voters confirmed, 94% were Caucasian, 77% were male, and 54% were found to be over the age of 60. 33% of voting members are former nominees (14%) and winners (19%).[46]\nIn May 2011, the Academy sent a letter advising its 6,000 or so voting members that an online system for Oscar voting would be implemented in 2013.[47]\nRules[edit]\nAccording to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules, a film must open in the previous calendar year, from midnight at the start of January 1 to midnight at the end of December 31, in Los Angeles County, California, and play for seven consecutive days, to qualify (except for the Best International Feature Film, Best Documentary Feature, and awards in short film categories). Additionally, the film must be shown at least three times on each day of its qualifying run, with at least one of the daily showings starting between 6 pm and 10 pm local time.[48][49]\nFor example, the 2009 Best Picture winner, The Hurt Locker, was actually first released in 2008, but did not qualify for the 2008 awards, as it did not play its Oscar-qualifying run in Los Angeles until mid-2009, thus qualifying for the 2009 awards. Foreign films must include English subtitles, and each country can submit only one film for consideration in the International Feature Film category per year.[50]\nRule 2 states that a film must be feature-length, defined as a minimum of 40 minutes, except for short-subject awards, and it must exist either on a 35 mm or 70 mm film print or in 24 frame/s or 48 frame/s progressive scan digital cinema format with a minimum projector resolution of 2048 by 1080 pixels.[51] Since the 90th Academy Awards, presented in 2018, multi-part and limited series have been ineligible for the Best Documentary Feature award. This followed the win of O.J.: Made in America, an eight-hour presentation that was screened in a limited release before being broadcast in five parts on ABC and ESPN, in that category in 2017. The Academy\'s announcement of the new rule made no direct mention of that film.[52]\nThe Best International Feature Film award does not require a U.S. release. It requires the film to be submitted as its country\'s official selection.\nThe Best Documentary Feature award requires either week-long releases in both Los Angeles County and New York City[a] during the previous calendar year, or a qualifying award at a competitive film festival from the Documentary Feature Qualifying Festival list (regardless of any public exhibition or distribution), or a submission in the International Feature Film category as its country\'s official selection. The qualifying theatrical runs must meet the same requirements as those for non-documentary films regarding numbers and times of screenings. Additionally, a film must have been reviewed by a critic from The New York Times, Time Out New York, the Los Angeles Times, or LA Weekly.[54]\nProducers must submit an Official Screen Credits online form before the deadline; in case it is not submitted by the defined deadline, the film will be ineligible for Academy Awards in any year. The form includes the production credits for all related categories. Then, each form is checked and put in a Reminder List of Eligible Releases.\nAwards in short film categories (Best Documentary Short Subject, Best Animated Short Film, and Best Live Action Short Film) have noticeably different eligibility rules from most other competitive awards. First, the qualifying period for release does not coincide with a calendar year, instead covering a one-year period starting on October 1 and ending on September 30 of the calendar year before the ceremony. Second, there are multiple methods of qualification. The main method is a week-long theatrical release in either Los Angeles County or New York City during the eligibility period. Films also can qualify by winning specified awards at one of a number of competitive film festivals designated by the Academy, also without regard to prior public distribution. Finally, a film that is selected as a gold, silver, or bronze medal winner in an appropriate category of the immediately previous Student Academy Awards is also eligible (Documentary category for that award, and Animation, Narrative, Alternative, or International for the other awards). The requirements for the qualifying theatrical run are also different from those for other awards. Only one screening per day is required. For the Documentary award, the screening must start between noon and 10 pm local time; for other awards, no specific start time is required, but the film must appear in regular theater listings with dates and screening times.[54][55] In late December, ballots, and copies of the Reminder List of Eligible Releases are mailed to around 6,000 active members. For most categories, members from each of the branches vote to determine the nominees only in their respective categories (i.e. only directors vote for directors, writers for writers, actors for actors, etc.). In the special case of Best Picture, all voting members are eligible to select the nominees. In all major categories, a variant of the single transferable vote is used, with each member casting a ballot with up to five nominees (ten for Best Picture) ranked preferentially.[56][57][58] In certain categories, including International Feature Film, Documentary and Animated Feature, nominees are selected by special screening committees made up of members from all branches.\nIn most categories, the winner is selected from among the nominees by plurality voting of all members.[56][58] Since 2009, the Best Picture winner has been chosen by instant runoff voting.[58][59] Since 2013, re-weighted range voting has been used to select the nominees for the Best Visual Effects.[60][61]\nFilm companies will spend as much as several million dollars on marketing to awards voters for a movie in the running for Best Picture, in attempts to improve chances of receiving Oscars and other movie awards conferred in Oscar season. The Academy enforces rules to limit overt campaigning by its members so as to try to eliminate excesses and prevent the process from becoming undignified. It has an awards czar on staff who advises members on allowed practices and levies penalties on offenders.[62] For example, a producer of the 2009 Best Picture nominee The Hurt Locker was disqualified as a producer in the category when he contacted associates urging them to vote for his film and not another that was seen as the front-runner (The Hurt Locker eventually won).\nAwards ceremonies[edit]\nSee also: List of Academy Awards ceremonies\nTelecast[edit]\n31st Academy Awards Presentations,\nPantages Theatre, Hollywood, 1959\n81st Academy Awards Presentations,\nDolby Theatre, Hollywood, 2009\nThe major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony, commonly in late February or early March following the relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. It is the culmination of the film awards season, which usually begins during November or December of the previous year. This is an elaborate extravaganza, with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers of the day. Black tie dress is the most common outfit for men, although fashion may dictate not wearing a bow-tie, and musical performers sometimes do not adhere to this. (The artists who recorded the nominees for Best Original Song quite often perform those songs live at the awards ceremony, and the fact that they are performing is often used to promote the television broadcast.)\nThe Academy Awards is the world\'s longest-running awards show televised live from the U.S. to all time zones in North America and worldwide, and gathers billions of viewers elsewhere throughout the world.[63] The Oscars were first televised in 1953 by NBC, which continued to broadcast the event until 1960, when ABC took over, televising the festivities (including the first color broadcast of the event in 1966) through 1970. NBC regained the rights for five years (1971–75), then ABC resumed broadcast duties in 1976 and its current contract with the Academy runs through 2028.[64] The Academy has also produced condensed versions of the ceremony for broadcast in international markets (especially those outside of the Americas) in more desirable local timeslots. The ceremony was broadcast live internationally for the first time via satellite since 1970, but only two South American countries, Chile and Brazil, purchased the rights to air the broadcast. By that time, the television rights to the Academy Awards had been sold in 50 countries. A decade later, the rights were already being sold to 60 countries, and by 1984, the TV rights to the Awards were licensed in 76 countries.\nThe ceremonies were moved up from late March/early April to late February, since 2004, to help disrupt and shorten the intense lobbying and ad campaigns associated with Oscar season in the film industry. Another reason was because of the growing TV ratings success coinciding with the NCAA Basketball Tournament, which would cut into the Academy Awards audience. (In 1976 and 1977, ABC\'s regained Oscars were moved from Tuesday to Monday and went directly opposite NBC\'s NCAA title game.) The earlier date is also to the advantage of ABC, as it now usually occurs during the highly profitable and important February sweeps period. Some years, the ceremony is moved into the first Sunday of March to avoid a clash with the Winter Olympic Games. Another reason for the move to late February and early March is also to avoid the awards ceremony occurring so close to the religious holidays of Passover and Easter, which for decades had been a grievance from members and the general public.[65] Advertising is somewhat restricted, however, as traditionally no movie studios or competitors of official Academy Award sponsors may advertise during the telecast. The production of the Academy Awards telecast currently holds the distinction of winning the most Emmys in history, with 47 wins and 195 nominations overall since that award\'s own launch in 1949.[66]\nAfter many years of being held on Mondays at 9:00 pm Eastern/6:00 p.m Pacific, since the 1999 ceremonies, it was moved to Sundays at 8:30 pm ET/5:30 pm PT.[67] The reasons given for the move were that more viewers would tune in on Sundays, that Los Angeles rush-hour traffic jams could be avoided, and an earlier start time would allow viewers on the East Coast to go to bed earlier.[68] For many years the film industry opposed a Sunday broadcast because it would cut into the weekend box office.[69] In 2010, the Academy contemplated moving the ceremony even further back into January, citing TV viewers\' fatigue with the film industry\'s long awards season. However, such an accelerated schedule would dramatically decrease the voting period for its members, to the point where some voters would only have time to view the contending films streamed on their computers (as opposed to traditionally receiving the films and ballots in the mail). Furthermore, a January ceremony on Sunday would clash with National Football League playoff games.[70] In 2018, the Academy announced that the ceremony would be moved from late February to mid February beginning with the 92nd Academy Awards in 2020.[71]\nOriginally scheduled for April 8, 1968, the 40th Academy Awards ceremony was postponed for two days, because of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.. On March 30, 1981, the 53rd Academy Awards was postponed for one day, after the shooting of President Ronald Reagan and others in Washington, D.C.[72]\nIn 1993, an In Memoriam segment was introduced,[73] honoring those who had made a significant contribution to cinema who had died in the preceding 12 months, a selection compiled by a small committee of Academy members.[74] This segment has drawn criticism over the years for the omission of some names. Criticism was also levied for many years regarding another aspect, with the segment having a "popularity contest" feel as the audience varied their applause to those who had died by the subject\'s cultural impact; the applause has since been muted during the telecast, and the audience is discouraged from clapping during the segment and giving silent reflection instead. This segment was later followed by a commercial break.\nIn terms of broadcast length, the ceremony generally averages three and a half hours. The first Oscars, in 1929, lasted 15 minutes. At the other end of the spectrum, the 2002 ceremony lasted four hours and twenty-three minutes.[75][76] In 2010, the organizers of the Academy Awards announced winners\' acceptance speeches must not run past 45 seconds. This, according to organizer Bill Mechanic, was to ensure the elimination of what he termed "the single most hated thing on the show" – overly long and embarrassing displays of emotion.[77] In 2016, in a further effort to streamline speeches, winners\' dedications were displayed on an on-screen ticker.[78] During the 2018 ceremony, host Jimmy Kimmel acknowledged how long the ceremony had become, by announcing that he would give a brand-new jet ski to whoever gave the shortest speech of the night (a reward won by Mark Bridges when accepting his Best Costume Design award for Phantom Thread).[79] The Wall Street Journal analyzed the average minutes spent across the 2014–2018 telecasts as follows: 14 on song performances; 25 on the hosts\' speeches; 38 on prerecorded clips; and 78 on the awards themselves, broken into 24 on the introduction and announcement, 24 on winners walking to the stage, and 30 on their acceptance speeches.[80]\nAlthough still dominant in ratings, the viewership of the Academy Awards has steadily dropped; the 88th Academy Awards were the lowest-rated in the past eight years (although with increases in male and 18–49 viewership), while the show itself also faced mixed reception. Following the show, Variety reported that ABC was, in negotiating an extension to its contract to broadcast the Oscars, seeking to have more creative control over the broadcast itself. Currently and nominally, AMPAS is responsible for most aspects of the telecast, including the choice of production staff and hosting, although ABC is allowed to have some input on their decisions.[81] In August 2016, AMPAS extended its contract with ABC through 2028: the contract neither contains any notable changes nor gives ABC any further creative control over the telecast.[82]\nTV ratings[edit]\nHistorically, the telecast\'s viewership is higher when box-office hits are favored to win the Best Picture award. More than 57.25 million viewers tuned to the telecast for the 70th Academy Awards in 1998, the year of Titanic, which generated a box office haul during its initial 1997–98 run of US$600.8 million in the US, a box office record that would remain unsurpassed for years.[83] The 76th Academy Awards ceremony, in which The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (pre-telecast box office earnings of US$368 million) received 11 Awards including Best Picture, drew 43.56 million viewers.[84] The most watched ceremony based on Nielsen ratings to date, however, was the 42nd Academy Awards (Best Picture Midnight Cowboy) which drew a 43.4% household rating on April 7, 1970.[85]\nBy contrast, ceremonies honoring films that have not performed well at the box office tend to show weaker ratings, despite how much critically acclaimed those films have been. The 78th Academy Awards which awarded low-budget independent film Crash (with a pre-Oscar gross of US$53.4 million) generated an audience of 38.64 million with a household rating of 22.91%.[86] In 2008, the 80th Academy Awards telecast was watched by 31.76 million viewers on average with an 18.66% household rating, the lowest-rated and least-watched ceremony at the time, in spite of celebrating 80 years of the Academy Awards.[87] The Best Picture winner of that particular ceremony was another independent film (No Country for Old Men).\nWhereas the 92nd Academy Awards drew an average of 23.6 million viewers,[88] the 93rd Academy Awards drew an even lower viewership of 10.4 million.[89] That is the lowest viewership recorded by Nielsen since it started recording audience totals in 1974.[90]\nArchive[edit]\nThe Academy Film Archive holds copies of every Academy Awards ceremony since the 1949 Oscars and material on many prior ceremonies, along with ancillary material related to more recent shows. Copies are held on a variety of film, video, and digital formats.[91]\nVenues[edit]\nIn 1929, the first Academy Awards were presented at a banquet dinner at The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. From 1930 to 1943, the ceremony alternated between two venues: the Ambassador Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard and the Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles.\nGrauman\'s Chinese Theatre in Hollywood then hosted the awards from 1944 to 1946, followed by the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles from 1947 to 1948. The 21st Academy Awards in 1949 were held at the Academy Award Theatre at what had been the Academy\'s headquarters on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood.[92]\nFrom 1950 to 1960, the awards were presented at Hollywood\'s Pantages Theatre. With the advent of television, the awards from 1953 to 1957 took place simultaneously in Hollywood and New York, first at the NBC International Theatre (1953) and then at the NBC Century Theatre, after which the ceremony took place solely in Los Angeles. The Oscars moved to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California, in 1961. By 1969, the Academy decided to move the ceremonies back to Downtown Los Angeles, this time to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion at the Los Angeles County Music Center. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the ceremony returned to the Shrine.\nIn 2002, Hollywood\'s Dolby Theatre (previously known as the Kodak Theatre) became the presentation\'s current venue.[93]\nAwards of Merit categories[edit]\nCurrent categories[edit]\nBest Picture: since 1927/28\nBest Director: since 1927/28\nBest Actor: since 1927/28\nBest Actress: since 1927/28\nBest Supporting Actor: since 1936\nBest Supporting Actress: since 1936\nBest Animated Feature Film: since 2001\nBest Animated Short Film: since 1930/31\nBest Cinematography: since 1927/28\nBest Costume Design: since 1948\nBest Documentary Feature: since 1943\nBest Documentary Short Subject: since 1941\nBest Film Editing: since 1934\nBest International Feature Film:[94] since 1947\nBest Live Action Short Film: since 1931/32\nBest Makeup and Hairstyling: since 1981\nBest Original Score: since 1934\nBest Original Song: since 1934\nBest Production Design: since 1927/28\nBest Sound: since 1929/30\nBest Visual Effects: since 1939\nBest Adapted Screenplay: since 1927/28\nBest Original Screenplay: since 1940\nIn the first year of the awards, the Best Directing award was split into two categories (Drama and Comedy). At times, the Best Original Score award has also been split into separate categories (Drama and Comedy/Musical). From the 1930s through the 1960s, the Art Direction (now Production Design), Cinematography, and Costume Design awards were likewise split into two categories (black-and-white films and color films). Prior to 2012, the Production Design award was called Art Direction, while the Makeup and Hairstyling award was called Makeup.\nIn August 2018, the Academy announced that several categories would not be televised live, but rather be recorded during commercial breaks and aired later in the ceremony.[95] Following dissent from Academy members, they announced that they would indeed air all 24 categories live. This followed a number of proposals (among them, the introduction of a Popular Film category) that the Academy had announced but did not implement.[96]\nDiscontinued categories[edit]\nBest Assistant Director: 1932/33 to 1937\nBest Director, Comedy Picture: 1927/28\nBest Director, Dramatic Picture: 1927/28\nBest Dance Direction: 1935 to 1937\nBest Engineering Effects: 1927/28\nBest Original Musical or Comedy Score: 1995 to 1998\nBest Original Story: 1927/28 to 1956\nBest Short Subject – 1 Reel: 1936 to 1956\nBest Short Subject – 2 Reel: 1936 to 1956\nBest Short Subject – Color: 1936 to 1937\nBest Short Subject – Comedy: 1931/32 to 1935\nBest Short Subject – Novelty: 1931/32 to 1935\nBest Sound Editing: 1963 to 2019\nAcademy Award for Best Title Writing: 1927/28\nAcademy Award for Best Unique and Artistic Production: 1927/28\nProposed categories[edit]\nThe Board of Governors meets each year and considers new award categories. To date, the following categories have been proposed:\nBest Casting: rejected in 1999[97]\nBest Popular Film: proposed in 2018 for presentation at the 2019 ceremony; postponed until the 2020 ceremony at the earliest[98]\nBest Stunt Coordination: rejected every year from 1991 to 2012[99][100][101][102]\nBest Title Design: rejected in 1999[97]\nSpecial categories[edit]\nThe Special Academy Awards are voted on by special committees, rather than by the Academy membership as a whole. They are not always presented on an annual basis.\nCurrent special categories[edit]\nFor a list of all nine awards, see § Other awards presented by the Academy.\nAcademy Honorary Award: since 1929\nAcademy Scientific and Technical Award (three different awards): since 1931\nGordon E. Sawyer Award: since 1981\nJean Hersholt Humanitarian Award: since 1957\nIrving G. Thalberg Memorial Award: since 1938\nAcademy Special Achievement Award: from 1972 to 1995, and again for 2017\nDiscontinued special categories[edit]\nAcademy Juvenile Award: 1934 to 1960\nCriticism[edit]\nThis section may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to create a more balanced presentation. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (April 2016)\nAccusations of commercialism[edit]\nDue to the positive exposure and prestige of the Academy Awards, many studios spend millions of dollars and hire publicists specifically to promote their films during what is typically called the "Oscar season". This has generated accusations of the Academy Awards being influenced more by marketing than by quality. William Friedkin, an Academy Award-winning film director and former producer of the ceremony, expressed this sentiment at a conference in New York in 2009, describing it as "the greatest promotion scheme that any industry ever devised for itself".[103]\nTim Dirks, editor of AMC\'s filmsite.org, has written of the Academy Awards:\nUnfortunately, the critical worth, artistic vision, cultural influence and innovative qualities of many films are not given the same voting weight. Especially since the 1980s, moneymaking "formula-made" blockbusters with glossy production values have often been crowd-pleasing titans (and Best Picture winners), but they haven\'t necessarily been great films with depth or critical acclaim by any measure.[104]\nA recent technique that has been claimed to be used during the Oscar season is the whisper campaign. These campaigns are intended to spread negative perceptions of other movies nominated and are believed to be perpetrated by those that were involved in creating the movie. Examples of whisper campaigns include the allegations against Zero Dark Thirty suggesting that it justifies torture and the claim that Lincoln distorts history.[105]\nAccusations of bias[edit]\nFurther information: Oscar bait\nSee also: Virtue signaling\nTypical criticism of the Academy Awards for Best Picture is that among the winners and nominees there is an over-representation of romantic historical epics, biographical dramas, romantic dramedies and family melodramas, most of which are released in the U.S. in the last three months of the calendar year. The Oscars have been infamously known for selecting specific genres of movies to be awarded. The term \'Oscar bait\' was coined to describe such movies. This has led, at times, to more specific criticisms that the Academy is disconnected from the audience, e.g., by favoring \'Oscar bait\' over audience favorites, or favoring historical melodramas over critically acclaimed movies that depict current life issues.[106]\nAllegations of a lack of diversity[edit]\nThe Academy Awards have long received criticism over its lack of diversity among the nominees.[107][108][109] This criticism is based on the statistics from every Academy Awards since 1929, which shows us that only 6.4% of academy award nominees have been non-white and since 1991, 11.2% of nominees have been non-white, with the rate of winners being even more polarizing.[110] More white actresses have won Oscars for yellowface portrayals of Asian characters than actual Asian actresses.[111][112] The 88th awards ceremony became the target of a boycott, popularized on social media with the hashtag #OscarsSoWhite, based on critics\' perception that its all-white acting nominee list reflected bias. In response, the Academy initiated "historic" changes in membership by the year 2020.[113][114]\nSymbolism or sentimentalization[edit]\nActing prizes in certain years have been criticized for not recognizing superior performances so much as being awarded for personal popularity,[115] to make up for a "snub" for a work that proved in time to be more popular or renowned than the one actually awarded, or presented as a "career honor" to recognize a distinguished nominee\'s entire body of work.[29]\nRecognition of streaming media film[edit]\nFollowing the 91st Academy Awards in February 2019 in which the Netflix-broadcast film Roma had been nominated for ten awards including the Best Picture category, Steven Spielberg and other members of the Academy discussed changing the requirements through the Board of Governors for films as to exclude those from Netflix and other media streaming services. Spielberg had been concerned that Netflix as a movie production and distribution studio could spend much more than typical Oscar-winning films and have much wider and earlier distribution than other Best Picture-nominated films, while still being able to meet the minimal theatrical-run status to qualify for an Oscar.[116] The United States Department of Justice, having heard of this potential rule change, wrote a letter to the Academy in March 2019, cautioning them that placing additional restrictions on films that originate from streaming media services without proper justification could raise anti-trust concerns against the Academy.[117] Following its April 2019 board meeting, the Academy Board of Governors agreed to retain the current rules that allow for streaming media films to be eligible for Oscars as long as they enjoy limited theatrical runs.[118]\nRefusals of the award[edit]\nSome winners critical of the Academy Awards have boycotted the ceremonies and refused to accept their Oscars. The first to do so was screenwriter Dudley Nichols (Best Writing in 1935 for The Informer). Nichols boycotted the 8th Academy Awards ceremony because of conflicts between the Academy and the Writers\' Guild.[119] Nichols eventually accepted the 1935 award three years later, at the 1938 ceremony. Nichols was nominated for three further Academy Awards during his career.\nGeorge C. Scott became the second person to refuse his award (Best Actor in 1970 for Patton) at the 43rd Academy Awards ceremony. Scott described it as a "meat parade", saying, "I don\'t want any part of it."[120][121][122]\nThe third person to refuse the award was Marlon Brando, who refused his award (Best Actor for 1972\'s The Godfather), citing the film industry\'s discrimination and mistreatment of Native Americans. At the 45th Academy Awards ceremony, Brando sent actress and civil rights activist Sacheen Littlefeather to read a 15-page speech, detailing his criticisms, for which there was booing and cheering by the audience.[123][119]\nDisqualifications[edit]\nNine films have been disqualified before an official award ceremony because they violated the regulations:[124]\nThe Circus (1928) – The film was voluntarily removed by the Academy from competitive categories, to award Charlie Chaplin a special award.\nHondo (1953) – Removed from the Best Story ballot after letters from the producer and nominee questioned its inclusion in the category.\nHigh Society (1955) – Withdrawn from screenwriting ballot after being mistaken for the 1956 movie of the same title.\nThe Godfather (1972) – Initially nominated for eleven awards, its nomination for Best Original Score was revoked after it was discovered that its main theme was very similar to music that the score\'s composer had written for an earlier film. None of its other nominations were revoked, and it received three Oscars, including Best Picture.\nA Place in the World (1992) – Removed from the Best Foreign Language Film ballot after it was discovered that the country who submitted the film exercised insufficient artistic control.\nTuba Atlantic (2012) – Removed from the Best Live Action Short Film ballot when it was discovered that the film aired on television before its theatrical release.\nAlone Yet Not Alone (2014) – The film\'s title song, "Alone Yet Not Alone", was removed from the Best Original Song ballot after Bruce Broughton was found to have improperly contacted other members of the academy\'s musical branch; this was the first time that a film was removed from a ballot for ethical reasons.\nOne film was disqualified after winning the award, and had the winner return the Oscar:\nYoung Americans (1969) – Initially won the award for Best Documentary Feature, but was later revoked after it was revealed that it had opened theatrically prior to the eligibility period.\nAssociated events[edit]\nThis section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\nThe following events are closely associated with the annual Academy Awards:\nBAFTA Awards\nCésar Awards\nNominees luncheon\nGovernors Awards\nThe 25th Independent Spirit Awards (2010), usually held in Santa Monica, California the Saturday before the Oscars, marked the first time it was moved to a Friday and a change of venue to L.A. Live\nThe annual "Night Before", traditionally held at the Beverly Hills Hotel, begun in 2002 and generally known as the party of the season, benefits the Motion Picture & Television Fund, which operates a retirement home for SAG actors in the San Fernando Valley\nElton John AIDS Foundation Academy Award Party airs the awards live at the nearby Pacific Design Center\nThe Governors Ball is the Academy\'s official after-party, including dinner (until 2011), and is adjacent to the awards-presentation venue\nThe Vanity Fair after-party, historically at the former Morton\'s restaurant, has been at the Sunset Tower since 2009\nAriel Award in Mexico\nPresenter and performer gifts[edit]\nIt has become a tradition to give out gift bags to the presenters and performers at the Oscars. In recent years, these gifts have also been extended to award nominees and winners.[125] The value of each of these gift bags can reach into the tens of thousands of dollars. In 2014, the value was reported to be as high as US$80,000.[126] The value has risen to the point where the U.S. Internal Revenue Service issued a statement regarding the gifts and their taxable status.[127] Oscar gift bags have included vacation packages to Hawaii and Mexico and Japan, a private dinner party for the recipient and friends at a restaurant, videophones, a four-night stay at a hotel, watches, bracelets, spa treatments, bottles of vodka, maple salad dressing, weight-loss gummie candy and up to $25,000 worth of cosmetic treatments and rejuvenation procedures such as lip fillers and chemical peels from New York City facial plastic surgeon Konstantin Vasyukevich.[125][128][129][130][131] Some of the gifts have even had a "risque" element to them; in 2014, the adult products retailer Adam & Eve had a "Secret Room Gifting Suite". Celebrities visiting the gifting suite included Judith Hoag, Carolyn Hennesy, Kate Linder, Chris Mulkey, Jim O\'Heir, and John Salley.[132]\nTelevision ratings and advertisement prices[edit]\nFrom 2006 onwards, results are Live+SD; all previous years are live viewing.[133]\nYear Viewers,\nmillions[133] Ad price,[133][134]\nUSD, millions Adjusted price,\nUSD, millions\n2021 10.4 Not available Not available\n2020 23.6 Not available Not available\n2019 29.6 Not available Not available\n2018 26.5 Not available Not available\n2017 32.9 Not available Not available\n2016 34.3 Not available Not available\n2015 37.260[135] 1.95[136] 2.13\n2014 43.740[137] 1.8 – 1.9[138] 1.97 – 2.08\n2013 40.376[139] 1.65 – 1.8[138] 1.83 – 2\n2012 39.460[140] 1.610 1.81\n2011 37.919 1.3684 1.57\n2010 41.699 1.1267 1.34\n2009 36.310 1.3[138] 1.57\n2008 32.006 1.82[138] 2.19\n2007 40.172 1.6658 2.08\n2006 38.939 1.6468 2.11\n2005 42.139 1.503 1.99\n2004 43.531 1.5031 2.06\n2003 33.043 1.3458 1.89\n2002 41.782 1.29 1.86\n2001 42.944 1.45 2.12\n2000 46.333 1.305 1.96\n1999 45.615 1 1.55\n1998 57.249 0.95 1.51\n1997 40.075 0.85 1.37\n1996 44.867 0.795 1.31\n1995 48.279 0.7 1.19\n1994 45.083 0.6435 1.12\n1993 45.735 0.6078 1.09\n1992 44.406 Not available Not available\n1991 42.727 Not available Not available\n1990 40.375 0.45 0.89\n1989 42.619 0.375 0.78\n1988 42.227 0.36 0.79\n1987 37.190 0.335 0.76\n1986 37.757 0.32 0.76\n1985 38.855 0.315 0.76\n1984 42.051 0.275 0.69\n1983 53.235 0.245 0.64\n1982 46.245 Not available Not available\n1981 39.919 Not available Not available\n1980 48.978 Not available Not available\n1979 46.301 Not available Not available\n1978 48.501 Not available Not available\n1977 39.719 Not available Not available\n1976 46.751 Not available Not available\n1975 48.127 Not available Not available\n1974 44.712 Not available Not available\nTrademark[edit]\nThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2016)\nThe term "Oscar" is a registered trademark of the AMPAS; however, in the Italian language, it is used generically to refer to any award or award ceremony, regardless of which field.[141][142]\nSee also[edit]\nList of film awards\nList of Academy Award records\nList of actors with Academy Award nominations\nList of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees\nFilm portalUnited States portalGreater Los Angeles portal\nFootnotes[edit]\n^ Starting with the 2017 awards, a qualifying release for the Documentary Feature award can take place anywhere in New York City. Previously, a New York City qualifying run could only take place in Manhattan.[53]\nReferences[edit]\n^ "AMPAS Drops \'85th Academy Awards\' – Now It\'s Just \'The Oscars\'". TheWrap. February 19, 2013. Archived from the original on August 3, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2017.\n^ Rao, Sonia (April 16, 2021). "Why do the Oscars matter?". The Washington Post. 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Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2014.\n^ Bibel, Sara (December 12, 2013). "Tops of 2013: TV and Social Media". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 25, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2014.\n^ Kissell, Rick (February 27, 2012). "Crystal, social media fuel Oscar ratings". Variety. PMC. Retrieved April 26, 2012.\n^ Court: \'Oscar\' may be generic term in Italian – Hollywood Reporter Archived February 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine\n^ Court: Oscar may be generic term in Italian | Reuters Archived April 29, 2016, at the Wayback Machine\nFurther reading[edit]\nBrokaw, Lauren (2010). "Wanna see an Academy Awards invite? We got it along with all the major annual events surrounding the Oscars". Los Angeles: The Daily Truffle.\nCotte, Oliver (2007). Secrets of Oscar-winning animation: Behind the scenes of 13 classic short animations. Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-52070-4.\nFischer, Erika J (1988). The inauguration of "Oscar": sketches and documents from the early years of the Hollywood Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Academy Awards, 1927-1930. Munich: K. G. Saur Verlag. ISBN 978-3-598-10753-5. OCLC 925086635.\nKinn, Gail; Piazza, Jim (2002). The Academy Awards: The Complete History of Oscar. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57912-240-9.\nLevy, Emanuel (2003). All About Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards. Burns & Oates. ISBN 978-0-8264-1452-6.\nWright, Jon (2007). The Lunacy of Oscar: The Problems with Hollywood\'s Biggest Night. Thomas Publishing, Inc.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Academy Awards.\nOfficial website of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences\nAcademy Awards at IMDb\nOfficial Academy Awards Database (searchable)\nshow\nvte\nAcademy Awards\n\nshow\nvte\nAcademy Awards lists\n\n\n\nshow\nvte\nCinema of the United States\n\nshow\nvte\nMajor film awards by countries\nAuthority control\nBNF: cb12149710v (data) GND: 4132171-6 LCCN: sh85000301 MBS: d9b24615-8bd5-4a1d-9c9d-874c6461d55c NARA: 10663067 NDL: 01216110 NKC: ph221975 SUDOC: 02998842X', 'num_links': 1804, 'num_images': 25, 'last_edited': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 31, 15, 8)}]
Modin Magic
import pandas as pd # old way
import modin.pandas as pd # With ray!
Execution error
AttributeError: module 'ray' has no attribute 'utils'