# run this cell to import nltk import nltk from os import getcwd import w1_unittest from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score nltk.download('twitter_samples') nltk.download('stopwords')

filePath = f"{getcwd()}/../tmp2/" nltk.data.path.append(filePath)

import numpy as np import pandas as pd from nltk.corpus import twitter_samples from utils import process_tweet, build_freqs

# select the set of positive and negative tweets all_positive_tweets = twitter_samples.strings('positive_tweets.json') all_negative_tweets = twitter_samples.strings('negative_tweets.json')

# split the data into two pieces, one for training and one for testing (validation set) test_pos = all_positive_tweets[4000:] train_pos = all_positive_tweets[:4000] test_neg = all_negative_tweets[4000:] train_neg = all_negative_tweets[:4000] train_x = train_pos + train_neg test_x = test_pos + test_neg

# combine positive and negative labels train_y = np.append(np.ones((len(train_pos), 1)), np.zeros((len(train_neg), 1)), axis=0) test_y = np.append(np.ones((len(test_pos), 1)), np.zeros((len(test_neg), 1)), axis=0)

# Print the shape train and test sets print("train_y.shape = " + str(train_y.shape)) print("test_y.shape = " + str(test_y.shape))

# create frequency dictionary freqs = build_freqs(train_x, train_y) # check the output print("type(freqs) = " + str(type(freqs))) print("len(freqs) = " + str(len(freqs.keys())))

# test the function below print('This is an example of a positive tweet: \n', train_x[0]) print('\nThis is an example of the processed version of the tweet: \n', process_tweet(train_x[0]))

# UNQ_C1 GRADED FUNCTION: sigmoid def sigmoid(z): ''' Input: z: is the input (can be a scalar or an array) Output: h: the sigmoid of z ''' # calculate the sigmoid of z h = 1/(1+np.exp(-z)) return h

# verify that when the model predicts close to 1, but the actual label is 0, the loss is a large positive value -1 * (1 - 0) * np.log(1 - 0.9999) # loss is about 9.2

# verify that when the model predicts close to 0 but the actual label is 1, the loss is a large positive value -1 * np.log(0.0001) # loss is about 9.2

# UNQ_C2 GRADED FUNCTION: gradientDescent def gradientDescent(x, y, theta, alpha, num_iters): ''' Input: x: matrix of features which is (m,n+1) y: corresponding labels of the input matrix x, dimensions (m,1) theta: weight vector of dimension (n+1,1) alpha: learning rate num_iters: number of iterations you want to train your model for Output: J: the final cost theta: your final weight vector Hint: you might want to print the cost to make sure that it is going down. ''' # get 'm', the number of rows in matrix x m = len(x) for i in range(0, num_iters): # get z, the dot product of x and theta z = np.dot(x, theta) # get the sigmoid of z h = sigmoid(z) # calculate the cost function J = (-1/m)*(np.dot(y.transpose(),np.log(h)) + np.dot((1 - y).transpose(),np.log(1 - h))) # update the weights theta theta = theta - (alpha/m)*(np.dot(x.transpose(),(h - y))) J = float(J) return J, theta

# Check the function # Construct a synthetic test case using numpy PRNG functions np.random.seed(1) # X input is 10 x 3 with ones for the bias terms tmp_X = np.append(np.ones((10, 1)), np.random.rand(10, 2) * 2000, axis=1) # Y Labels are 10 x 1 tmp_Y = (np.random.rand(10, 1) > 0.35).astype(float) # Apply gradient descent tmp_J, tmp_theta = gradientDescent(tmp_X, tmp_Y, np.zeros((3, 1)), 1e-8, 700) print(f"The cost after training is {tmp_J:.8f}.") print(f"The resulting vector of weights is {[round(t, 8) for t in np.squeeze(tmp_theta)]}")

# UNQ_C3 GRADED FUNCTION: extract_features def extract_features(tweet, freqs, process_tweet=process_tweet): ''' Input: tweet: a list of words for one tweet freqs: a dictionary corresponding to the frequencies of each tuple (word, label) Output: x: a feature vector of dimension (1,3) ''' # process_tweet tokenizes, stems, and removes stopwords word_l = process_tweet(tweet) # 3 elements in the form of a 1 x 3 vector x = np.zeros((1, 3)) #bias term is set to 1 x[0,0] = 1 # loop through each word in the list of words for word in word_l: # increment the word count for the positive label 1 x[0,1] += freqs.get((word, 1.0),0) # increment the word count for the negative label 0 x[0,2] += freqs.get((word, 0),0) assert(x.shape == (1, 3)) return x

# Check your function # test 1 # test on training data tmp1 = extract_features(train_x[0], freqs) print(tmp1)

# test 2: # check for when the words are not in the freqs dictionary tmp2 = extract_features('blorb bleeeeb bloooob', freqs) print(tmp2)

# collect the features 'x' and stack them into a matrix 'X' X = np.zeros((len(train_x), 3)) for i in range(len(train_x)): X[i, :]= extract_features(train_x[i], freqs) # training labels corresponding to X Y = train_y # Apply gradient descent J, theta = gradientDescent(X, Y, np.zeros((3, 1)), 1e-9, 1500) print(f"The cost after training is {J:.8f}.") print(f"The resulting vector of weights is {[round(t, 8) for t in np.squeeze(theta)]}")

# UNQ_C4 GRADED FUNCTION: predict_tweet def predict_tweet(tweet, freqs, theta): ''' Input: tweet: a string freqs: a dictionary corresponding to the frequencies of each tuple (word, label) theta: (3,1) vector of weights Output: y_pred: the probability of a tweet being positive or negative ''' # extract the features of the tweet and store it into x x = extract_features(tweet,freqs) # make the prediction using x and theta y_pred = sigmoid(np.dot(x,theta)) return y_pred

# Run this cell to test your function for tweet in ['I am happy', 'I am bad', 'this movie should have been great.', 'great', 'great great', 'great great great', 'great great great great']: print( '%s -> %f' % (tweet, predict_tweet(tweet, freqs, theta)))

# Feel free to check the sentiment of your own tweet below my_tweet = 'I am learning :)' predict_tweet(my_tweet, freqs, theta)

# UNQ_C5 GRADED FUNCTION: test_logistic_regression def test_logistic_regression(test_x, test_y, freqs, theta, predict_tweet=predict_tweet): """ Input: test_x: a list of tweets test_y: (m, 1) vector with the corresponding labels for the list of tweets freqs: a dictionary with the frequency of each pair (or tuple) theta: weight vector of dimension (3, 1) Output: accuracy: (# of tweets classified correctly) / (total # of tweets) """ # the list for storing predictions y_hat = [] for tweet in test_x: # get the label prediction for the tweet y_pred = predict_tweet(tweet, freqs, theta) if y_pred > 0.5: # append 1.0 to the list y_hat.append(1.0) else: # append 0 to the list y_hat.append(0.0) # With the above implementation, y_hat is a list, but test_y is (m,1) array # convert both to one-dimensional arrays in order to compare them using the '==' operator accuracy = accuracy_score(y_hat, test_y) return accuracy

tmp_accuracy = test_logistic_regression(test_x, test_y, freqs, theta) print(f"Logistic regression model's accuracy = {tmp_accuracy:.4f}")

# Some error analysis done for you print('Label Predicted Tweet') for x,y in zip(test_x,test_y): y_hat = predict_tweet(x, freqs, theta) if np.abs(y - (y_hat > 0.5)) > 0: print('THE TWEET IS:', x) print('THE PROCESSED TWEET IS:', process_tweet(x)) print('%d\t%0.8f\t%s' % (y, y_hat, ' '.join(process_tweet(x)).encode('ascii', 'ignore')))

# Feel free to change the tweet below my_tweet = 'This is a ridiculously bright movie. The plot was terrible and I was sad until the ending!' print(process_tweet(my_tweet)) y_hat = predict_tweet(my_tweet, freqs, theta) print(y_hat) if y_hat > 0.5: print('Positive sentiment') else: print('Negative sentiment')